Abstract:Cyclic peptide is obtained by the dehydration and condensation of one free N-terminus α-amino group and another free C-terminal α-carboxy group of the peptide,with a lot of biological activities such as anti-tumor,anti-HIV,antibacterial,antimalarial and so on.So,we believe the cyclic peptide will have a wide application prospect in many fields including biochemistry,materials,environmental protection and especially the medicine.In a whole chemical reaction,the reactant is connected to the solid phase and participates in a reaction vessel,which we call a solid-phase synthesis.The synthesis method is convenient for automatic operation,high in yield and easy to separate the product.In this paper,the principle,steps of the solid-phase synthesis and factors influencing the cyclization of cyclic peptide were reviewed.

Abstract:The temperature and precipitation observation data in Haihe river basin during 1961-2010 are used to evaluate the simulation performance of 20 IPCC AR4 Climate Models and Multi-Model ensemble.The results show that all the climate models underestimate surface air temperature,and spatial correlation coefficients reached 0.7.Most climate models overestimate precipitation in the Haihe river basin.Only a few models(MIUB_ECHO_G model and Multi-Model ensemble) show roughly consistent with the observation data.The projection results show that the temperature would increase,especially under SRES-A1B,the annual temperature increase is higher in Haihe river basin than in other parts of China projected by all climate models.Future precipitation would rise too,and significant precipitation increase is projected by all models under SRES-A1B and SRES-B1.The spring precipitation would increase significantly under SRES-A2.Catastrophe point of MIUB_ECHO_G model appears in 2013 under SRES-A1B,when precipitation would increase drastically.While under SRES-A2,catastrophe point of MIUB_ECHO_G model and Multi-Model ensemble appear in 2031 and 2001,respectively.

Abstract:The stable isotope variation in spring and summer precipitation of Sichuan and Guanzhong basin are computed and analyzed by using isotopic data of Chengdu and Xi'an station of Global Network of Isotope in Precipitation(GNIP).The results show that a significant seasonal δ¹⁸O variation in precipitation exists in both the two basins.Correlation analysis indicates that neither the temperature effect nor the amount effect is pronounced for precipitation δ¹⁸O variation in spring and summer.The Local Meteoric Water Line(LWML) and its gradient and increment reflect the local climate characterstics as well as rainfall vapor source.Thus,the rainfall vapor source is considered to be the main factor influencing the δ¹⁸O variation in precipitation of the two basins,and local vapor transport pathway affected by geographical factors determines the stable isotope composition.

Abstract:Climatic characteristics of mountain fog and mist in Xuan'en,west Hubei province are analyzed based on the meteorological data collected from observational station in the period 1959-2009.It is shown that the average fog day is 29 annually and the annual fog days present a decreasing variation trend.The fog events occur in every month with the maximum frequency in winter,the next in autumn and the minimum in summer.It is also found that the annual mist days are generally increasing but there is an opposite tendency with annual fog days.The monthly average mist days in each month are between 9 and 15 with the maximum in December and the minimum in May.Furthermore,studies of the characteristics of meteorological elements point out that the annually average minimum air temperature is rising,the annual average relative humidity at 08:00 and the annual rainfall vary unobviously and the annual days of visibility at 14:00 greater than 20 km are decreasing.Results reveal that the unsymmetrical variation characteristics of fog and mist occurrence frequency probably have the correlation with the increasing aerosol in atmosphere.

Abstract:The heaviest fog in winter of 2009 in Sichuan province is simulated by the mesoscale model WRF,and the results show that both the simulated fog regions and relative humidity are in accordance with the observed data.The parameterization of Vis-RH is acquired by deterministic and probabilistic methods based on the data of visibility and relative humidity observed in Chengdu Shuangliu Airport,then the simulated relative humidity is used to calculate the visibility.The study shows that the visibility values calculated by the Vis-RH parameterization with 5% probability is most accurate,and this method can provide reference for the visibility forecast in the future.

Abstract:Meteorological data from automatic observation stations at different altitudes of Mount Jiuhua are used to analyze and compare the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of fog,and the topographic effect as well.The results show that the average annual fog days are 19,82,145,110 days for flat land,low level,middle level and high level mountain areas,respectively,with increasing trends in flat land and decreasing trends in mountain areas.The temporal distribution of fog shows different characteristics in flat land and mountain areas.In flat land,fog occurred mainly in autumn and winter with peak value in October to January of next year,while in mountain areas,fog occurred mainly in spring and winter with peak value in March and low value in July.Fog mostly formed during 05:00-07:00 and disappeared during 08:00-10:00 in flat land and low level mountain area,while formed during 04:00-08:00 and disappeared during 09:00-11:00 in middle and high level mountain areas.The average and maximum fog lasting time is longer in middle level mountain area than it in other areas,and the shortest fog lasting time appeared to be 0.2 hour in high level mountain area.In the Mount Jiuhua,unsaturated air flows into the funnel-shaped area and cools down in ascending process,then the water vapor will reach saturation and the fog is formed thereby.Topographic temperature inversion provides stable stratification conditions,thus is significant for fog formation and duration.Convergence of wind field in mountain area also favors the fog formation and duration.

Abstract:BVOCs has great impact on the global carbon budget,chemical reactions in troposphere,formation of ozone,and climate change.The northeast of China is selected as study region,where the forest coverage is high and no research on the emissions of BVOCs has been done yet.The reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction in U.S run in MM5 are used for simulation,with the spatial and temporal resolution of the reanalysis data being 1°×1°and 6 hours.From the simulation results of MM5,the meteorological data in grid are extracted including the temperature,humidity,wind speed and cloud cover fraction,which are necessary for GloBEIS model.Thus the MM5 is integrated with GloBEIS for research of the BVOCs.The vegetation species and distribution data are derived from the latest "Vegetation Information System" database.The simulation period are chosen in July of 2006 and July of 2010,when the high temperature and strong solar radiation brings the flourish of vegetation in the northeast of China.The GloBEIS is run to estimate the emission of BVOCs.The results show that the isoprene emission changes with significant diurnal variation,and is correlated with temperature,PAR and cloud cover fraction.The isoprene emission rises with the increase of temperature and PAR,and reaches maximum value at about 14:00 pm,but it is negatively correlated with cloud cover fraction.While other VOCs are mainly influenced by temperature.This conclusion is consistent with previous studies,so the method of combined MM5 and GloBEIS is feasible and the results are reliable.This research provides effective and reliable means for the forecasting of BVOCs under different scenarios.

Abstract:The heavy metal speciation distribution and leaching toxicity are analyzed in bottom ashes produced by co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal with different ratios.The results show that the biologically invalid portions,namely sulfuric,organic and residual forms of heavy metal increase to maximum with the ratio of sewage sludge to coal being 30%.Meanwhile,the leaching toxicity of heavy metal is least with the ratio of sewage sludge to coal being 30%.The conclusion of optimum ratio of sewage sludge to coal under our experiment condition is 30%,or in other words,the 30% of sewage sludge to coal ratio in co-combustion can dispose of the sewage sludge effectively as well as discharge least heavy metal toxicity to the environment.

Abstract:Jet impinging technology is put forward to remove the ice on the road.The vapor jet with certain temperature,pressure,and flow is injected through several small nozzles to icy road.The ice is warmed or even melted,thus separated from the road and then are pushed away by a forklift truck.The softwares named Gambit and Fluent are used to establish numerical model and study the de-icing efficiency with different nozzle distribution patterns in same area.Results show that the de-icing efficiency is improved with the increase of jet nozzle number,which can reach 24 km/h with 8 nozzle pattern.Yet the increase of de-icing efficiency is not in linear relationship with increase of the nozzle number,thus an optimal value of nozzle number is needed to choose.

Abstract:This paper introduced the composition and classification of tree models,discussed the problem that branches and leaves with varying shapes be simulated by regulating their parameters.Then,we researched on how to use Iterated Function System(IFS) and billboard to simulate branches and leaves.Finally,by using this method,two classes of three-dimensional trees are simulated and applied to virtual scene.The results show that,three-dimensional trees simulated by this method have advantage of high vividness,diversity and real time response,which is valuable in 3D virtual scene simulation.

Abstract:On account of the characteristics of the statistic and instantaneous amount of blind equalization algorithm,this paper proposes a new dual-mode hybrid blind equalization algorithm based on error function by analyzing dual-mode algorithm.Concentrating on characteristics of Modified Constant Modulus Algorithm (MCMA) and Decision Directed (DD) algorithm and using correlation between the two algorithms' error function,this paper finds a new way to select weighting factor,which can control the weight ratio of the two algorithms in the dual-mode dynamically and choose the time to switch accurately.The algorithm can switch back to the right proportion even in error of judgment,due to its dynamic characteristics.The underwater acoustic channel simulation experiment illustrates the superiority of the algorithm in convergence rate.

Abstract:Digital Beam Forming(DBF) is a useful method to synthesize signals in digital format.An adaptive DBF based on least-mean-square(LMS) is deliberated in this paper,from its arithmetic principle and mathematical simulation to its implementation,verification and test on Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA).The conclusion is that this adaptive DBF is simple in arithmetic and easy to implement in engineering practice.

Abstract:A wireless acquisition and management system of temperature and humidity is designed in this paper.Digital sensor is employed to carry out temperature and humidity measurement,which is connected to terminal MPU through wireless transmission module,and the terminal MPU is communicated with PC by serial port.The system stored the collected data to the database and conducts data management,backup,storage,query and analysis by software programming.

Abstract:Based on the cold wave events happened in Wuhan during 1996 to 2004,this article analyzes the variation of the ionospheric electronic density TEC and the correlations between TEC and ground temperature,TEC and ground pressure before and after the transit of three cold wave events.The results show that TEC fluctuates in different degrees and completes an increase then decrease process in 2-3 days before the cold wave transit;TEC decreases evidently on the standard day of the cold wave;and TEC possesses a variation in M form in 5 days after the cold wave transit.Some positive or negative correlations exist between TEC and ground temperature,TEC and ground pressure before and after the transit of cold wave.

Abstract:This paper combines the ideas and methods of the hierarchical linear model and the grey theory and gives a new statistical model called accumulated multilevel statistical model.Combined with the fact of the Yangtze River Delta,the annual rainfall forecast model is built.The comparison between predictive value and measured value indicates that the relative error is small and the proposed model is practical.Thus rainfall forecast now has a new means.