2025年4月13日 0:44 星期日
 引 en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。

CO2浓度缓增和氮肥减施对冬小麦田N2O排放的影响

  • 帅斯樑1

    机 构：

    1. 南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，南京, 210044

    ×
  • ，武熳秋1

    机 构：

    1. 南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，南京, 210044

    ×
  • ，商东耀2

    机 构：

    2. 河南省气象科学研究所/中国气象局·河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点实验室，郑州, 450003

    ×
  • ，刘淼1

    机 构：

    1. 南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，南京, 210044

    ×
  • ，曹琰梅1

    机 构：

    1. 南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，南京, 210044

    ×
  • ，柯浩楠1

    机 构：

    1. 南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，南京, 210044

    ×
  • ，胡正华1

    机 构：

    1. 南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，南京, 210044

    ×
  • ，李琪1

    机 构：

    1. 南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，南京, 210044

    ×

1. 南京信息工程大学应用气象学院，南京, 210044；
2. 河南省气象科学研究所/中国气象局·河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点实验室，郑州, 450003；

Effects of gradually elevated CO2 concentration and reduced nitrogen application on N2O emission in winter wheat field

  • SHUAI Siliang1

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044 ,China

    ×
  • ，WU Manqiu1

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044 ,China

    ×
  • ，SHANG Dongyao2

    Affiliation：

    2. Henan Institute of Meteorological Science/ Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Support and Applied Technique,CMA,Zhengzhou 450003 ,China

    ×
  • ，LIU Miao1

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044 ,China

    ×
  • ，CAO Yanmei1

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044 ,China

    ×
  • ，KE Haonan1

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044 ,China

    ×
  • ，HU Zhenghua1

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044 ,China

    ×
  • ，LI Qi1

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044 ,China

    ×

1. School of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044 ,China；
2. Henan Institute of Meteorological Science/ Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Support and Applied Technique,CMA,Zhengzhou 450003 ,China；

作者简介:

帅斯樑，男，硕士生，研究方向为地气碳氮交换.2257959024@qq.com

通讯作者:

胡正华，男，博士，教授，研究方向为温室气体排放和气象灾害风险评估等.zhhu@nuist.edu.cn

李琪，男，博士，副教授，研究方向为气候变化生态.liqix123@sina.com

中图分类号:S181;S512.11

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.13878/j.cnki.jnuist.20230722002

参考文献 1
姜克隽.IPCC AR6：长期减排路径[J].气候变化研究进展,2023,19(2):133-138 JIANG Kejun.AR6 WGⅢ report:long-term mitigation pathways[J].Climate Change Research,2023,19(2):133-138
查找原文
参考文献 2
Menon S,Denman K L,Brasseur G,et al.Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry[R].Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.(LBNL),Berkeley,CA,US.2007:LBNL-464E
查找原文
参考文献 3
张玉铭,胡春胜,张佳宝,等.农田土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)的源/汇强度及其温室效应研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(4):966-975 ZHANG Yuming,HU Chunsheng,ZHANG Jiabao,et al.Research advances on source/sink intensities and greenhouse effects of CO2,CH4 and N2O in agricultural soils[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(4):966-975
查找原文
参考文献 4
范靖尉,白晋华,任寰宇,等.减氮和施生物炭对华北夏玉米-冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(2):121-130 FAN Jingwei,BAI Jinhua,REN Huanyu,et al.Effects of reducing nitrogen and biochar application on CO2 and N2O emissions from summer maize-winter wheat field in North China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2016,37(2):121-130
查找原文
参考文献 5
Yao Z S,Wang R,Zheng X H,et al.Elevated atmospheric CO2 reduces yield-scaled N2O fluxes from subtropical rice systems:six site-years field experiments[J].Global Change Biology,2021,27(2):327-339
查找原文
参考文献 6
王从,李舒清,刘树伟,等.大气CO2浓度和温度升高对稻麦轮作生态系统N2O排放的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(13):2535-2550 WANG Cong,LI Shuqing,LIU Shuwei,et al.Response of N2O emissions to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature in rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(13):2535-2550
查找原文
参考文献 7
徐仲均,郑循华,王跃思,等.开放式空气CO2增高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(10):1245-1248 XU Zhongjun,ZHENG Xunhua,WANG Yuesi,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(10):1245-1248
查找原文
参考文献 8
朱兆良.合理使用化肥充分利用有机肥发展环境友好的施肥体系[J].中国科学院院刊,2003,18(2):89-93 ZHU Zhaoliang.Fertilizer management strategies for the harmonization of agriculture development with environment protection[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2003,18(2):89-93
查找原文
参考文献 9
Qiu W H,Liu J S,Li B Y,et al.N2O and CO2 emissions from a dryland wheat cropping system with long-term N fertilization and their relationships with soil C,N,and bacterial community[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2020,27(8):8673-8683
查找原文
参考文献 10
Liu Y N,Li Y C,Peng Z P,et al.Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management practices on wheat yields and N2O emissions from wheat fields in North China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2015,14(6):1184-1191
查找原文
参考文献 11
Davidson E A,Keller M,Erickson H E,et al.Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides:using two functions based on soil nitrogen availability and soil water content,the hole-in-the-pipe model characterizes a large fraction of the observed variation of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from soils[J].Bioscience,2000,50(8):667-680
查找原文
参考文献 12
Norton J,Ouyang Y.Controls and adaptive management of nitrification in agricultural soils[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2019,10:1931
查找原文
参考文献 13
Scheer C,Fuchs K,Pelster D E,et al.Estimating global terrestrial denitrification from measured N2O:(N2O+N2)product ratios[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2020,47:72-80
查找原文
参考文献 14
Plaza-Bonilla D,Álvaro-Fuentes J,Arrúe J L,et al.Tillage and nitrogen fertilization effects on nitrous oxide yield-scaled emissions in a rainfed Mediterranean area[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2014,189:43-52
查找原文
参考文献 15
Wang Y S,Wang Y H.Quick measurement of CH4,CO2 and N2O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(5):842-844
查找原文
参考文献 16
Han F,Guo R,Hussain S,et al.Rotation of planting strips and reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application can reduce nitrogen loss and optimize its balance in maize-peanut intercropping[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2023,143:126707
查找原文
参考文献 17
Vitousek P M,Naylor R,Crews T,et al.Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development[J].Science,2009,324(5934):1519-1520
查找原文
参考文献 18
Dawson C J,Hilton J.Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world:production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Food Policy,2011,36:S14-S22
查找原文
参考文献 19
Liu C R,Ren D Y,Liu H R,et al.Optimizing nitrogen management diminished reactive nitrogen loss and acquired optimal net ecosystem economic benefit in a wheat-maize rotation system[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2022,331:129964
查找原文
参考文献 20
刘超,胡正华,陈健,等.不同CO2浓度升高水平对水稻光合特性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(2):246-254 LIU Chao,HU Zhenghua,CHEN Jian,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 concentration levels on photosynthetic characteristics of rice[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2018,27(2):246-254
查找原文
参考文献 21
陈津赛,孙玮皓,王广帅,等.不同施氮量对麦田土壤水稳性团聚体和N2O排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2021,32(11):3961-3968 CHEN Jinsai,SUN Weihao,WANG Guangshuai,et al.Effects of different nitrogen application rates on soil water stable aggregates and N2O emission in winter wheat field[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2021,32(11):3961-3968
查找原文
参考文献 22
Ye R W,Averill B A,Tiedje J M.Denitrification:production and consumption of nitric oxide[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1994,60(4):1053-1058
查找原文
参考文献 23
张志勇,于旭昊,熊淑萍,等.耕作方式与氮肥减施对黄褐土麦田土壤酶活性及温室气体排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(2):418-428 ZHANG Zhiyong,YU Xuhao,XIONG Shuping,et al.Effects of tillage methods and nitrogen fertilizer reduction on soil enzyme activities and greenhouse gas emissions of wheat yellow cinnamon soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2020,39(2):418-428
查找原文
参考文献 24
于海洋,王天宇,黄琼,等.CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响:Meta分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2022,52(3):517-527 YU Haiyang,WANG Tianyu,HUANG Qiong,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields:a meta-analysis[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2022,52(3):517-527
查找原文
参考文献 25
Ineson P,Coward P A,Hartwig U A.Soil gas fluxes of N2O,CH4 and CO2 beneath Lolium perenne under elevated CO2:the Swiss free air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment[J].Plant and Soil,1998,198(1):89-95
查找原文
参考文献 26
封克,王子波,王小治,等.土壤pH对硝酸根还原过程中N2O产生的影响[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):81-86 FENG Ke,WANG Zibo,WANG Xiaozhi,et al.Effect of soil pH on N2O production in nitrate reduction[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(1):81-86
查找原文
参考文献 27
梁东丽,同延安,Ove Emteryd,等.塿土土壤剖面中N2O浓度的时间和空间变异[J].生态学报,2003,23(4):731-737 LIANG Dongli,TONG Yanan,Ove Emteryd,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of nitrous oxide concentrations in soil profiles of Manural Loessial soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(4):731-737
查找原文
参考文献 28
曾科,王书伟,朱文彬,等.施氮方式与添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂对稻季NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2023,29(2):220-231 ZENG Ke,WANG Shuwei,ZHU Wenbin,et al.Effects of nitrogen application methods combined with urease/nitrification inhibitor on decreasing NH3 volatilization and N2O emission in rice season[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2023,29(2):220-231
查找原文
参考文献 29
Shcherbak I,Millar N,Robertson G P.Global metaanalysis of the nonlinear response of soil nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions to fertilizer nitrogen[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(25):9199-9204
查找原文
参考文献 30
马兴华,于振文,梁晓芳,等.施氮量和底施追施比例对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量时空变化的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(4):4630-4634 MA Xinghua,YU Zhenwen,LIANG Xiaofang,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate and its basal-/top-dressing ratio on spatio-temporal variations of soil NO-3-N and NH+4-N contents[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(4):4630-4634
查找原文
参考文献 31
周慧,史海滨,郭珈玮,等.有机无机肥配施对不同程度盐渍土N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学,2020,41(8):3811-3821 ZHOU Hui,SHI Haibin,GUO Jiawei,et al.Effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on N2O emissions from saline soil[J].Environmental Science,2020,41(8):3811-3821
查找原文
参考文献 32
党慧慧,刘超,夏晔,等.不同CO2浓度和施氮水平对麦田CO2 CO2净通量的影响[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2022,14(1):77-87 DANG Huihui,LIU Chao,XIA Ye,et al.Effect of different elevated CO2 concentrations and nitrogen application on net CO2 fluxes in wheat field[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology(Natural Science Edition),2022,14(1):77-87
查找原文
参考文献 33
Bloom A J,Asensio J S R,Randall L,et al.CO2 enrichment inhibits shoot nitrate assimilation in C3 but not C4 plants and slows growth under nitrate in C3 plants[J].Ecology,2012,93(2):355-367
查找原文
参考文献 34
李明,李迎春,韩雪,等.大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥互作对玉米花后功能叶碳氮同化物的影响[J].中国农业气象,2021,42(9):715-728 LI Ming,LI Yingchun,HAN Xue,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen application on mass fractions of carbon and nitrogen assimilates in functional leaves of maize after flowering[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2021,42(9):715-728
查找原文
参考文献 35
孙宝宝,刘晓雨,袁睿,等.升温和大气CO2浓度升高对不同品种小麦养分吸收的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(6):1389-1399 SUN Baobao,LIU Xiaoyu,YUAN Rui,et al.Effects of warming and atmospheric CO2 enrichment on nutrient uptake of different wheat varieties[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2020,39(6):1389-1399
查找原文
参考文献 36
李俊志,常旭虹,王德梅,等.施氮水平对不同强筋小麦品种产量和品质的影响[J].作物杂志,2023(3):148-153 LI Junzhi,CHANG Xuhong,WANG Demei,et al.Effects of nitrogen application levels on yield and quality of different strong gluten wheat varieties[J].Crops,2023(3):148-153
查找原文
目录contents

    摘要

    为探明麦田氧化亚氮（N2O）排放对二氧化碳（CO2）浓度缓增与氮肥减施的响应，选用扬麦22为试验材料，基于开顶式气室（OTC）构成的CO2浓度自动控制平台开展田间试验.在环境大气CO2浓度（AC，对照）的基础上设置CO2浓度缓增处理（EC，自2016—2017年冬小麦生长季起在AC基础上逐年增加40 μmol·mol-1，至2018—2019年生长季CO2浓度比AC高120 μmol·mol-1）;在常规施氮量（N1，25 g·m-2）基础上设置氮肥减施处理（N2，15 g·m-2）.使用静态暗箱-气相色谱法进行冬小麦田N2O的气样采集与通量测定.结果表明：冬小麦生育期内，不同CO2浓度与氮肥水平下冬小麦田N2O通量生长季变化较为一致，整体均呈现波动下降特征;AC处理下，与N1处理相比，N2处理使得N2O累积排放量显著降低45.2%（P=0.004），EC处理下，不同氮肥水平对冬小麦田N2O排放无显著影响;在冬小麦孕穗至乳熟期时，氮肥减施处理对麦田N2O排放的影响较为明显; CO2浓度缓增与氮肥减施共同作用时，施氮量是影响麦田N2O排放量的主要因素.

    Abstract

    To investigate the response of N2O emission in wheat field to the gradually elevated CO2 concentration and the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application,we conducted field experiments using Yangmai 22 as the experimental material.The experiments were carried out on a field equipped with an automatic CO2 concentration control platform formed by Open-Top Chambers (OTC).Under the condition of ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration (AC),a treatment of gradually elevated CO2 concentration (EC) was set up,which increased by 40 μmol·mol-1 annually from the winter wheat growing season of 2016-2017,reaching 120 μmol·mol-1 higher than AC in the wheat growing season of 2018-2019.The nitrogen fertilizer treatments were set as a conventional level (N1,25 g·m-2) and a reduced level (N2,15 g·m-2).The N2O fluxes were measured by a static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method.The results indicated that throughout the winter wheat growing period,the changes of N2O emission from winter wheat field were relatively consistent for all treatments with an overall fluctuating downward trend.No significant effect of EC treatment on N2O emission was observed during the winter wheat growing seasons.While the N2 treatment significantly reduced the cumulative N2O emission by 45.2% compared with the N1 treatment (P=0.004) under the AC,which was not significant under EC treatment.The impact of nitrogen reduction on N2O emission was evident during winter wheat stage from booting to milking.Under the combined effect of gradually elevated CO2 concentration and reduced nitrogen fertilizer application,the latter was the main factor affecting N2O emission in winter wheat field.

    关键词

    冬小麦 ； CO2浓度 ； 氮肥 ； N2O排放

  • 0 引言

  • 近几十年大气中二氧化碳（CO2）浓度持续增加，预计全球大气CO2浓度在21世纪末期将增加到800 μmol·mol-1 以上[1].受CO2等温室气体排放影响，全球气温持续升高，而气候变暖会对人类社会可持续发展和自然生态系统稳定产生重要影响.同为重要温室气体的氧化亚氮（N2O），其在大气环境中寿命较长，在百年时间尺度上对气候变暖的贡献率是CO2的298倍[2].研究表明，20世纪以来N2O浓度的增加趋势很大程度是由于全球农业的扩张和集约化所驱动的，农业活动中N2O排放量占全球的60%[3].我国是农业大国，农业生产值占国内生产总值的12.5%[4].小麦是我国最重要的禾谷类作物之一，麦田生态系统作为农业活动的重要组成部分，对全球N2O排放有着显著贡献.因此，如何在保证小麦产量的情况下控制温室气体排放对我国应对气候变暖具有重要意义.

  • 近年来，学者们针对大气CO2浓度增加条件下的农田生态系统N2O排放开展了许多研究与讨论.Yao等[5]基于FACE（Free-Air CO2 Enrichment）平台发现在氮肥充足条件下大气CO2浓度增加会显著抑制稻田N2O排放，并发现这种抑制可能与CO2浓度增加促进作物生长的同时会向下传输O2，促进了土壤对氮素的吸收有关.而王从等[6]通过FACE平台的试验发现大气CO2增加能提高土壤的硝化与反硝化效率，进而显著增加小麦季N2O排放.也有研究表明，CO2浓度升高对农田生态系统N2O排放影响较小[7].另外，作为植物生长过程中不可替代的一种营养元素，氮的使用对作物产量和农田温室气体排放的影响也十分重要.据统计，氮肥使全球粮食产量提升了约45%[8]，同时氮肥施用会提高土壤肥力，并且还会诱导硝化作用与反硝化作用[9-10]，进而导致N2O排放增加[11-13].研究表明，施氮量的增加会改变作物根系结构使作物从土壤中吸收更多的氨态氮与硝态氮，而土壤氨态氮与硝态氮含量减少直接影响N2O产生的微生物过程[14].Wang等[15]和Han等[16]的试验结果同样表明氮肥减施处理可以有效降低农田温室气体的排放.氮肥施用过多对环境造成的损失也是多方面的，如土壤酸化、地下水污染和温室气体排放[17-18].在小麦生产过程中减少氮肥投入对缓解环境问题至关重要.然而在麦田生态系统中，通过减少氮肥投入来提高氮肥利用率是一个具有挑战性的问题，会导致小麦产量的降低[19].氮肥作物作为农田最直接的氮素输入源，在提高氮肥利用率和降低环境风险的同时获得目标小麦产量和效益至关重要.

  • 综上，目前关于农田N2O排放的研究大多基于单因素（CO2浓度、氮肥水平等）条件，对两者之间的交互作用讨论较少，且关于CO2浓度增加对N2O排放影响的结论并不一致.同时，实际大气CO2浓度是缓慢增加的，而非短期内突然增加到某一浓度后保持不变.因此，本研究基于开顶式气室（Open-Top Chambers，OTC）组成的CO2浓度自动控制平台开展原位观测试验，分析CO2浓度缓增与氮肥减施及其交互处理对冬小麦N2O排放的影响，为气候变暖背景下农田氮肥管理与温室气体减排提供一定的参考依据.

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 试验地概况

  • 试验于2016—2019年小麦生长季在南京信息工程大学农业气象生态试验站内开展（32.21°N，118.71°E; 海拔高度为18.0 m），试验田土壤质地为壤质黏土，处于亚热带季风气候区.该试验地全年日照数1 900 h以上，平均温度约15.6℃，平均年降水量约1 100 mm，相对湿度76.0%.

  • 1.2 试验设计

  • 试验依托2016年建成并运行的CO2浓度自动控制平台，该控制平台包括开顶式气室（OTC）、温湿度自动检测记录仪、CO2浓度传感器以及一套CO2浓度控制系统.大致工作流程为：OTC内CO2浓度传感器每2 s监测实时CO2浓度并反馈给控制系统，如果低于预设浓度，控制系统打开阀门向气室内补充CO2气体，达到预设浓度则会关闭阀门停供CO2气体.详细情况可参考文献[20].

  • 试验将CO2浓度缓增作为主处理，设置2个CO2浓度处理：环境大气CO2浓度（AC，对照）和CO2缓增处理（EC，CO2浓度自2016—2017年冬小麦生长季起在AC基础上逐年增加40 μmol·mol-1，至2018—2019年生长季CO2浓度比AC高120 μmol·mol-1）.副处理为氮肥减施，设置2个氮肥处理：常规施氮量（N1，25 g·m-2）和氮肥减施处理（N2，15 g·m-2）.组合处理为：ACN1、ECN1、ACN2、ECN2，每种处理4次重复. CO2浓度缓增处理从冬小麦返青期持续到成熟期.

  • 本试验选用当地广泛种植的小麦品种扬麦22为试验材料，表1为其主要生育期和肥料管理.基肥选用复合肥（N质量分数15.0%），返青肥和拔节孕穗肥选用尿素（N质量分数46.7%），分基肥、返青肥、拔节-孕穗肥3次施用（施用比为50.0%∶35.0%∶15.0%）. N1和N2的基肥、返青肥、拔节-孕穗肥施用量分别为83.3、18.7、8.0 g·m-2和50.0、11.2、4.8 g·m-2.

  • 表1 2018—2019年冬小麦生长季主要生育期和氮肥管理

  • Table1 Growth periods and nitrogen fertilizer management during winter wheat growing season of 2018-2019

  • 1.3 测定项目及方法

  • 1.3.1 气样采集与N2O通量测定

  • 测定2018—2019年冬小麦生长季的N2O通量.由于CO2浓度缓增处理从越冬后冬小麦生长活跃的返青期开始，所以气体采样也从返青期开始，持续到成熟期.提前在预设采样区域安装底座，插入深度为10 cm的土壤中，采样底座为泥塑材料的圆形盆钵（高10 cm，内径20 cm），上沿有内陷的凹槽（深约2 cm）.采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定N2O通量，静态暗箱为聚氯乙烯材料（PVC）的圆筒（高1 m，内径22 cm），顶端留有2个圆孔用于安装放置温度计与抽气管道.圆筒四周（除底部外）均用隔热铝箔和不透光胶带覆盖，避免内部温度波动，采样时在凹槽中注入适量水以保证采样系统密封.

  • 气体采样时间选在08:00—11:30，此时土壤温度接近日均值.在采样箱密封的第0、10、20 min时各抽取箱内气体一次，同时对箱体内部温度进行记录，每个气室连续采集3个气体样本.使用Agilent-7890B型号气相色谱仪测定采集的气体样本，采用线性法[21]将每组气样中的N2O混合比与间隔时间（0、10、20 min）线性回归得到N2O的排放速率.

  • N2O累积排放量计算公式如下：

  • E=24∑t=2n Ft+Ft-12Dt-Dt-1.
    (1)

  • 式中：E为小麦季N2O的累积排放量（mg·m-2）; 常数24为时间换算系数（天数转换为小时）; t为采样次数; n为小麦季内总采样次数; Ft、Ft-1分别为第t、t-1次采样时N2O排放量（mg·m-2·h-1）; Dt-Dt-1为相邻两次采样之间的间隔天数（d）.

  • 1.3.2 环境因子的测定

  • 采集气样时，使用土壤水分温度测量仪（Hydra Probe Ⅱ，Stevens Water Monitoring Systems，USA）记录土壤含水量与温度.

  • 1.4 数据统计

  • 数据预处理使用Microsoft Excel软件; 方差分析使用SPSS 27.0（SPSS Inc.，Chicago，USA）软件对不同处理进行显著性分析（LSD）; 制图使用Origin 2022（OriginLab Corp.，Wellesley Hills，USA）软件.

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 土壤含水量与温度的动态变化

  • 冬小麦生长季试验点5 cm深土壤含水量与温度的变化特征如图1所示.土壤含水量表现出明显的季节性变化，最大出现在2月25日，达到38.0%; 而最小值则在5月13日，仅为12.9%.整体上，土壤含水量呈现逐渐减少的趋势.此外，由于受降水影响，3月底土壤含水量急剧增加.同时在生长季内，土壤温度也总体呈现上升趋势，从2月25日最低温度（7.3℃）到5月13日最高温度（26.8℃），土壤温度经历了明显的波动增加，这表明季节的变化对土壤温度有着重要影响.

  • 图1 冬小麦生长季试验点土壤含水量与土壤温度的动态变化

  • Fig.1 Dynamic changes in soil water content and soil temperature at test site during winter wheat growing season

  • 2.2 CO2缓增对麦田N2O排放的影响

  • 2.2.1 N2O通量生长季变化

  • 小麦生长季内麦田N2O通量在不同处理下变化趋势较为一致，呈现波动下降趋势，其中，孕穗期4种组合处理下均出现N2O排放峰（图2）. N1处理下，AC存在2个N2O排放峰，分别出现在孕穗期（402.4±66.8 μg·m-2·h-1）与灌浆期（122.7±16.5 μg·m-2·h-1），EC同样在孕穗期（653.4±31.2 μg·m-2·h-1）与灌浆期（107.1±56.2 μg·m-2·h-1）存在排放峰.在整个小麦生育期内，AC的N2O通量一般高于EC，生长前期差异较为明显，生长中后期差异较小. N2处理下，AC仅孕穗期有较为明显的峰值（266.9±148.4 μg·m-2·h-1），EC处理在返青期（86.5±63.5 μg·m-2·h-1）与孕穗期（314.1±137.9 μg·m-2·h-1）分别存在峰值.小麦生长前期EC的N2O通量始终高于AC，生长中后期AC、EC的N2O通量在一定范围内波动，总体相差不大.

  • 图2 氮肥减施下CO2缓增对N2O通量的影响

  • Fig.2 Effect of gradually elevated CO2 concentration on N2O flux under reduced nitrogen fertilizer application

  • 2.2.2 N2O累积排放量

  • 由图3可知：N1处理下，AC和EC全生育期累积排放量分别为131.1±10.5和126.5±18.5 g·m-2; N2处理下，AC和EC的全生育期累积排放量分别为71.8±23.6和103.7±2.0 g·m-2.其中，与AC处理相比，EC处理使得N1和N2处理下的N2O累积排放量分别降低了3.5%（P=0.677）和44.4%（P=0.053）.

  • 图3 氮肥减施下CO2缓增对N2O累积排放量的影响

  • Fig.3 Impact of gradually elevated CO2 concentration on cumulative N2O emission under reduced nitrogen fertilizer application

  • 2.3 不同施氮量对麦田N2O通量的影响

  • 2.3.1 N2O通量生长季变化

  • 图4为同一CO2浓度不同氮肥处理下麦田N2O通量生长季变化.4种组合处理下的麦田N2O通量变化特征一致，基本在0~100 μg·m-2·h-1区间波动，孕穗期出现显著峰值.AC处理下，小麦出苗至抽穗期N1的通量均明显高于N2，扬花期至成熟期2个处理下N2O通量相差不大，但在灌浆期N1的通量出现峰值（122.70±16.49 μg·m-2·h-1）.EC处理下，大部分时期N1、N2的通量差异较小.

  • 图4 CO2缓增下氮肥减施对N2O通量的影响

  • Fig.4 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on N2O flux under gradually elevated CO2 concentration

  • 2.3.2 N2O累积排放量

  • 同一CO2浓度不同氮肥处理下麦田N2O累积排放变化如图5所示.不同CO2处理下，氮肥减施均在一定程度上降低了N2O排放.其中，在AC和EC处理下，与N1处理相比，N2处理分别使得N2O累积排放量降低了45.2%（P=0.004）和18.0%（P=0.083）.

  • 图5 CO2缓增下氮肥减施对N2O 全生育期累积排放量的影响

  • Fig.5 Impact of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on cumulative N2O emission under gradually elevated CO2 concentration

  • 2.4 CO2浓度缓增和氮肥减施对冬小麦田N2O累积排放量的影响

  • 如表2所示，不同处理对冬小麦田N2O累积排放量的影响因生育期而异.在拔节期，与ACN1相比，ACN2处理的N2O累积排放量降低了39.3%（P=0.047），与ECN2相比，降低了31.0%（P=0.038）.在孕穗期，与ACN1相比，ACN2处理的N2O累积排放量降低了47.4%（P=0.022）.在灌浆期，与ECN1相比，ECN2处理的N2O累积排放量降低了38.1%（P=0.050）.在乳熟期，与ACN1相比，ACN2处理的N2O累积排放量降低了65.6%（P=0.036）; 与ECN1相比，ECN2降低了53.6%（P=0.022）.由表2可知，氮肥减施对N2O累计排放量影响程度高于CO2浓度缓增对其影响，并且双因素之间的交互作用并不明显.

  • 2.5 N2O通量与土壤温度、土壤含水量的关系

  • 2.5.1 N2O通量与土壤温度的关系

  • 如图6所示，麦田N2O通量高值主要出现在土壤温度10~20℃的区间.然而，在4种组合处理下N2O通量与土壤温度之间的关系并未达到显著水平.

  • 表2 CO2缓增和氮肥减施对小麦生育期N2O累积排放量的影响

  • Table2 Effect of gradually elevated CO2 concentration and reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application on cumulative N2O emission in wheat growth periods

  • 注:数据形式为平均值±标准误（n=4）；同一个生育期相同施氮量下2个CO2浓度处理间统计差异达到显著用不同小写字母表示，同一个生育期相同CO2浓度处理下2个施氮量处理间统计差异达到显著用不同大写字母表示，P＜0.05; 方差效应不显著用ns表示，0.01和0.05水平上方差效应显著分别用**、*表示.

  • 图6 CO2缓增与氮肥减施下土壤温度与N2O通量的关系

  • Fig.6 Relationship between soil temperature and N2O flux under gradually elevated CO2 concentration and reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application

  • 2.5.2 N2O通量与土壤含水量的关系

  • 通过比较CO2缓增与氮肥减施下土壤含水量与N2O通量关系（图7），在土壤含水量为20%~30%的范围内，N2O通量较高.特别是ACN2处理下，N2O通量与土壤含水量之间的关系达到显著水平（P=0.048）.

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 CO2缓增对冬小麦田N2O排放量的影响

  • 本研究结果表明，CO2浓度缓增并没有改变N2O的季节变化规律，整体呈现波动下降趋势.由于前一天施用尿素且土壤含水量较大，肥料施于土壤表面为反硝化细菌提供大量氮源，促进硝化作用，孕穗期AC和EC试验处理均出现麦田N2O排放量急剧增加的情况[22-23].

  • 图7 CO2缓增与氮肥减施下土壤含水量与N2O通量关系

  • Fig.7 Relationship between soil water content and N2O flux under gradually elevated CO2 concentration and reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application

  • 在常规施氮量下，麦田N2O通量多数时期都表现为AC＞EC趋势，而N2下通量则呈现EC＞AC趋势.可以推测：N1处理时，CO2浓度缓增可以在一定程度上减少麦田N2O通量; N2处理时，CO2浓度缓增可以一定程度地增加麦田N2O通量.于海洋等[24]曾用Meta分析方法发现CO2浓度增加会降低反硝化酶活性从而降低N2O通量，这与本研究中N1处理的结果一致.N2处理下，CO2浓度缓增反而使更多的碳进入土壤之中，为反硝化细菌提供了足够的碳源和能量，进而促进了反硝化细菌的活性，导致麦田N2O通量增加[25].另一种说法认为：有机碳能加强微生物生命活动，土壤氧气含量降低导致硝化作用减弱、反硝化作用增强; 氮肥较少时，一定量的CO2增加反而抑制了微生物生命活动，从而促进了N2O排放.即常规氮肥水平CO2浓度适量提升能够提高土壤氮素利用率，减少N2O产物，从而减少麦田N2O通量[26]，低氮条件下麦田N2O通量会随CO2缓增而增加.也有研究表示，决定反硝化强弱的是土壤中的有效碳含量而非总碳量[27]，可能过高的CO2浓度反而会使土壤有效碳含量降低，所以低氮条件下CO2的增加使N2O通量增加，具体原因还需要有针对性地开展更细致的研究来探明其中的关系与影响机制.

  • 3.2 氮肥减施对麦田N2O排放量的影响

  • 氮是小麦生长发育必不可少的元素，施氮量与麦田N2O排放密切相关.在本研究中，同一CO2浓度处理下麦田N2O通量数据显示不同施氮量下N2O排放规律较为一致.在相同CO2处理下，N2处理一定程度地降低了麦田N2O通量与累积排放量.氮肥减施处理下由于小麦自身生长消耗会降低土壤中的硝化与反硝化作用，使得麦田N2O通量显著降低[28].有研究表明，最大施氮量处理下N2O通量处于峰值，并且排放量也会随着施氮量增加呈指数增长趋势[29].马兴华等[30]指出，增加施氮量会增加土壤中氨态氮的浓度，周慧等[31]也认为土壤中铵态氮浓度与麦田N2O排放量存在极显著的正相关关系，这些结论都与本文试验结果一致.在农田生态系统中，N2O的排放不仅与土壤氮含量有关，作物对氮肥的吸收率也会影响其排放.当施氮量恰好满足作物所需量，土壤中大部分的氮肥都会被作物吸收，而如果施氮量过多，多余的氮肥将会作为N2O的底物，进而排放量增加.从冬小麦整个生育期来看，氮肥减施处理对降低麦田N2O排放量是有效的.其中，小麦N2O累积排放量在拔节、孕穗、灌浆和乳熟期受氮肥影响明显，原因是这些时期冬小麦对氮肥吸收率较大，对氮肥减施处理较其他生育期敏感.

  • 3.3 CO2浓度缓增和氮肥减施交互作用对麦田N2O排放量的影响

  • 本次试验结果显示，CO2缓增处理对麦田N2O排放影响未达到显著水平，氮肥减施处理对麦田N2O排放影响在返青期、拔节期与扬花期达到显著水平，两种处理对N2O排放影响的交互作用在返青期达到显著水平.研究还表明，两种处理对麦田N2O排放影响中施氮量为主要影响因素.党慧慧等[32]通过试验发现，在CO2增加与氮肥减施共同处理下，氮肥因素对小麦的生长过程影响更大，并且推测氮肥水平是通过影响作物光合作用过程进而影响其生长发育.在本次冬小麦生长季期间，氮肥减施处理有效地减少了麦田N2O排放，生长季中期小麦生长迅速并对外界环境变化较为敏感，氮肥影响明显. CO2缓增与氮肥减施的交互作用在影响N2O排放量方面和单一CO2缓增效果类似，均未达到显著水平，可能CO2缓增会降低氮肥对N2O排放量的促进作用.Bloom等[33]研究发现增加环境CO2浓度会改变作物对氮素吸收的形态偏好，即CO2浓度增加会导致C3作物对硝态氮的吸收能力下降，这可能是导致CO2缓增反而氮肥作用效果降低的原因.也有相关研究推测是复杂氮化合物合成不足或其他多因素影响（病虫害、高温）导致的[32，34].因此，在CO2缓增和氮肥减施的双因素作用下麦田N2O的变化没达到显著水平.另外，CO2缓增对N2O的作用也可能受试验品种对氮肥敏感度影响[35]，李俊志等[36]研究表明氮肥水平对不同小麦品种的产量与品质作用效果有所差异，所以需要设置更加细致的氮肥梯度来验证缓增条件下排放变化.

  • 4 结论

  • 冬小麦生育期内，不同CO2浓度与氮肥处理下冬小麦田N2O通量变化趋势较为一致，整体均呈现波动下降特征. CO2缓增处理在冬小麦生长季中对麦田N2O排放的影响均不显著.氮肥减施处理能够有效减少麦田N2O排放，大气CO2浓度下氮肥减施降低了45.2%（P=0.004）的N2O累积排放量.在冬小麦孕穗至乳熟期时，氮肥减施处理对麦田N2O排放的影响较为明显.本文亦表明CO2浓度缓增与氮肥减施共同作用时，施氮量是影响麦田N2O排放量的主要因素.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 姜克隽.IPCC AR6：长期减排路径[J].气候变化研究进展,2023,19(2):133-138 JIANG Kejun.AR6 WGⅢ report:long-term mitigation pathways[J].Climate Change Research,2023,19(2):133-138

    • [2] Menon S,Denman K L,Brasseur G,et al.Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry[R].Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.(LBNL),Berkeley,CA,US.2007:LBNL-464E

    • [3] 张玉铭,胡春胜,张佳宝,等.农田土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)的源/汇强度及其温室效应研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(4):966-975 ZHANG Yuming,HU Chunsheng,ZHANG Jiabao,et al.Research advances on source/sink intensities and greenhouse effects of CO2,CH4 and N2O in agricultural soils[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(4):966-975

    • [4] 范靖尉,白晋华,任寰宇,等.减氮和施生物炭对华北夏玉米-冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(2):121-130 FAN Jingwei,BAI Jinhua,REN Huanyu,et al.Effects of reducing nitrogen and biochar application on CO2 and N2O emissions from summer maize-winter wheat field in North China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2016,37(2):121-130

    • [5] Yao Z S,Wang R,Zheng X H,et al.Elevated atmospheric CO2 reduces yield-scaled N2O fluxes from subtropical rice systems:six site-years field experiments[J].Global Change Biology,2021,27(2):327-339

    • [6] 王从,李舒清,刘树伟,等.大气CO2浓度和温度升高对稻麦轮作生态系统N2O排放的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(13):2535-2550 WANG Cong,LI Shuqing,LIU Shuwei,et al.Response of N2O emissions to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature in rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(13):2535-2550

    • [7] 徐仲均,郑循华,王跃思,等.开放式空气CO2增高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(10):1245-1248 XU Zhongjun,ZHENG Xunhua,WANG Yuesi,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(10):1245-1248

    • [8] 朱兆良.合理使用化肥充分利用有机肥发展环境友好的施肥体系[J].中国科学院院刊,2003,18(2):89-93 ZHU Zhaoliang.Fertilizer management strategies for the harmonization of agriculture development with environment protection[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2003,18(2):89-93

    • [9] Qiu W H,Liu J S,Li B Y,et al.N2O and CO2 emissions from a dryland wheat cropping system with long-term N fertilization and their relationships with soil C,N,and bacterial community[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2020,27(8):8673-8683

    • [10] Liu Y N,Li Y C,Peng Z P,et al.Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management practices on wheat yields and N2O emissions from wheat fields in North China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2015,14(6):1184-1191

    • [11] Davidson E A,Keller M,Erickson H E,et al.Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides:using two functions based on soil nitrogen availability and soil water content,the hole-in-the-pipe model characterizes a large fraction of the observed variation of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from soils[J].Bioscience,2000,50(8):667-680

    • [12] Norton J,Ouyang Y.Controls and adaptive management of nitrification in agricultural soils[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2019,10:1931

    • [13] Scheer C,Fuchs K,Pelster D E,et al.Estimating global terrestrial denitrification from measured N2O:(N2O+N2)product ratios[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2020,47:72-80

    • [14] Plaza-Bonilla D,Álvaro-Fuentes J,Arrúe J L,et al.Tillage and nitrogen fertilization effects on nitrous oxide yield-scaled emissions in a rainfed Mediterranean area[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2014,189:43-52

    • [15] Wang Y S,Wang Y H.Quick measurement of CH4,CO2 and N2O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(5):842-844

    • [16] Han F,Guo R,Hussain S,et al.Rotation of planting strips and reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application can reduce nitrogen loss and optimize its balance in maize-peanut intercropping[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2023,143:126707

    • [17] Vitousek P M,Naylor R,Crews T,et al.Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development[J].Science,2009,324(5934):1519-1520

    • [18] Dawson C J,Hilton J.Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world:production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Food Policy,2011,36:S14-S22

    • [19] Liu C R,Ren D Y,Liu H R,et al.Optimizing nitrogen management diminished reactive nitrogen loss and acquired optimal net ecosystem economic benefit in a wheat-maize rotation system[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2022,331:129964

    • [20] 刘超,胡正华,陈健,等.不同CO2浓度升高水平对水稻光合特性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(2):246-254 LIU Chao,HU Zhenghua,CHEN Jian,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 concentration levels on photosynthetic characteristics of rice[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2018,27(2):246-254

    • [21] 陈津赛,孙玮皓,王广帅,等.不同施氮量对麦田土壤水稳性团聚体和N2O排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2021,32(11):3961-3968 CHEN Jinsai,SUN Weihao,WANG Guangshuai,et al.Effects of different nitrogen application rates on soil water stable aggregates and N2O emission in winter wheat field[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2021,32(11):3961-3968

    • [22] Ye R W,Averill B A,Tiedje J M.Denitrification:production and consumption of nitric oxide[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1994,60(4):1053-1058

    • [23] 张志勇,于旭昊,熊淑萍,等.耕作方式与氮肥减施对黄褐土麦田土壤酶活性及温室气体排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(2):418-428 ZHANG Zhiyong,YU Xuhao,XIONG Shuping,et al.Effects of tillage methods and nitrogen fertilizer reduction on soil enzyme activities and greenhouse gas emissions of wheat yellow cinnamon soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2020,39(2):418-428

    • [24] 于海洋,王天宇,黄琼,等.CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响:Meta分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2022,52(3):517-527 YU Haiyang,WANG Tianyu,HUANG Qiong,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields:a meta-analysis[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2022,52(3):517-527

    • [25] Ineson P,Coward P A,Hartwig U A.Soil gas fluxes of N2O,CH4 and CO2 beneath Lolium perenne under elevated CO2:the Swiss free air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment[J].Plant and Soil,1998,198(1):89-95

    • [26] 封克,王子波,王小治,等.土壤pH对硝酸根还原过程中N2O产生的影响[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):81-86 FENG Ke,WANG Zibo,WANG Xiaozhi,et al.Effect of soil pH on N2O production in nitrate reduction[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(1):81-86

    • [27] 梁东丽,同延安,Ove Emteryd,等.塿土土壤剖面中N2O浓度的时间和空间变异[J].生态学报,2003,23(4):731-737 LIANG Dongli,TONG Yanan,Ove Emteryd,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of nitrous oxide concentrations in soil profiles of Manural Loessial soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(4):731-737

    • [28] 曾科,王书伟,朱文彬,等.施氮方式与添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂对稻季NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2023,29(2):220-231 ZENG Ke,WANG Shuwei,ZHU Wenbin,et al.Effects of nitrogen application methods combined with urease/nitrification inhibitor on decreasing NH3 volatilization and N2O emission in rice season[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2023,29(2):220-231

    • [29] Shcherbak I,Millar N,Robertson G P.Global metaanalysis of the nonlinear response of soil nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions to fertilizer nitrogen[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(25):9199-9204

    • [30] 马兴华,于振文,梁晓芳,等.施氮量和底施追施比例对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量时空变化的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(4):4630-4634 MA Xinghua,YU Zhenwen,LIANG Xiaofang,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate and its basal-/top-dressing ratio on spatio-temporal variations of soil NO-3-N and NH+4-N contents[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(4):4630-4634

    • [31] 周慧,史海滨,郭珈玮,等.有机无机肥配施对不同程度盐渍土N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学,2020,41(8):3811-3821 ZHOU Hui,SHI Haibin,GUO Jiawei,et al.Effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on N2O emissions from saline soil[J].Environmental Science,2020,41(8):3811-3821

    • [32] 党慧慧,刘超,夏晔,等.不同CO2浓度和施氮水平对麦田CO2 CO2净通量的影响[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2022,14(1):77-87 DANG Huihui,LIU Chao,XIA Ye,et al.Effect of different elevated CO2 concentrations and nitrogen application on net CO2 fluxes in wheat field[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology(Natural Science Edition),2022,14(1):77-87

    • [33] Bloom A J,Asensio J S R,Randall L,et al.CO2 enrichment inhibits shoot nitrate assimilation in C3 but not C4 plants and slows growth under nitrate in C3 plants[J].Ecology,2012,93(2):355-367

    • [34] 李明,李迎春,韩雪,等.大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥互作对玉米花后功能叶碳氮同化物的影响[J].中国农业气象,2021,42(9):715-728 LI Ming,LI Yingchun,HAN Xue,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen application on mass fractions of carbon and nitrogen assimilates in functional leaves of maize after flowering[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2021,42(9):715-728

    • [35] 孙宝宝,刘晓雨,袁睿,等.升温和大气CO2浓度升高对不同品种小麦养分吸收的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(6):1389-1399 SUN Baobao,LIU Xiaoyu,YUAN Rui,et al.Effects of warming and atmospheric CO2 enrichment on nutrient uptake of different wheat varieties[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2020,39(6):1389-1399

    • [36] 李俊志,常旭虹,王德梅,等.施氮水平对不同强筋小麦品种产量和品质的影响[J].作物杂志,2023(3):148-153 LI Junzhi,CHANG Xuhong,WANG Demei,et al.Effects of nitrogen application levels on yield and quality of different strong gluten wheat varieties[J].Crops,2023(3):148-153

  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: S181;S512.11
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.13878/j.cnki.jnuist.20230722002

    基金信息

    国家自然科学基金（42071023，4177 5152）；

    引用信息

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2023-07-22

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 姜克隽.IPCC AR6：长期减排路径[J].气候变化研究进展,2023,19(2):133-138 JIANG Kejun.AR6 WGⅢ report:long-term mitigation pathways[J].Climate Change Research,2023,19(2):133-138

    • [2] Menon S,Denman K L,Brasseur G,et al.Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry[R].Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.(LBNL),Berkeley,CA,US.2007:LBNL-464E

    • [3] 张玉铭,胡春胜,张佳宝,等.农田土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)的源/汇强度及其温室效应研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(4):966-975 ZHANG Yuming,HU Chunsheng,ZHANG Jiabao,et al.Research advances on source/sink intensities and greenhouse effects of CO2,CH4 and N2O in agricultural soils[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(4):966-975

    • [4] 范靖尉,白晋华,任寰宇,等.减氮和施生物炭对华北夏玉米-冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(2):121-130 FAN Jingwei,BAI Jinhua,REN Huanyu,et al.Effects of reducing nitrogen and biochar application on CO2 and N2O emissions from summer maize-winter wheat field in North China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2016,37(2):121-130

    • [5] Yao Z S,Wang R,Zheng X H,et al.Elevated atmospheric CO2 reduces yield-scaled N2O fluxes from subtropical rice systems:six site-years field experiments[J].Global Change Biology,2021,27(2):327-339

    • [6] 王从,李舒清,刘树伟,等.大气CO2浓度和温度升高对稻麦轮作生态系统N2O排放的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(13):2535-2550 WANG Cong,LI Shuqing,LIU Shuwei,et al.Response of N2O emissions to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature in rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(13):2535-2550

    • [7] 徐仲均,郑循华,王跃思,等.开放式空气CO2增高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(10):1245-1248 XU Zhongjun,ZHENG Xunhua,WANG Yuesi,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(10):1245-1248

    • [8] 朱兆良.合理使用化肥充分利用有机肥发展环境友好的施肥体系[J].中国科学院院刊,2003,18(2):89-93 ZHU Zhaoliang.Fertilizer management strategies for the harmonization of agriculture development with environment protection[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2003,18(2):89-93

    • [9] Qiu W H,Liu J S,Li B Y,et al.N2O and CO2 emissions from a dryland wheat cropping system with long-term N fertilization and their relationships with soil C,N,and bacterial community[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2020,27(8):8673-8683

    • [10] Liu Y N,Li Y C,Peng Z P,et al.Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management practices on wheat yields and N2O emissions from wheat fields in North China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2015,14(6):1184-1191

    • [11] Davidson E A,Keller M,Erickson H E,et al.Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides:using two functions based on soil nitrogen availability and soil water content,the hole-in-the-pipe model characterizes a large fraction of the observed variation of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from soils[J].Bioscience,2000,50(8):667-680

    • [12] Norton J,Ouyang Y.Controls and adaptive management of nitrification in agricultural soils[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2019,10:1931

    • [13] Scheer C,Fuchs K,Pelster D E,et al.Estimating global terrestrial denitrification from measured N2O:(N2O+N2)product ratios[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2020,47:72-80

    • [14] Plaza-Bonilla D,Álvaro-Fuentes J,Arrúe J L,et al.Tillage and nitrogen fertilization effects on nitrous oxide yield-scaled emissions in a rainfed Mediterranean area[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2014,189:43-52

    • [15] Wang Y S,Wang Y H.Quick measurement of CH4,CO2 and N2O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(5):842-844

    • [16] Han F,Guo R,Hussain S,et al.Rotation of planting strips and reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application can reduce nitrogen loss and optimize its balance in maize-peanut intercropping[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2023,143:126707

    • [17] Vitousek P M,Naylor R,Crews T,et al.Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development[J].Science,2009,324(5934):1519-1520

    • [18] Dawson C J,Hilton J.Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world:production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Food Policy,2011,36:S14-S22

    • [19] Liu C R,Ren D Y,Liu H R,et al.Optimizing nitrogen management diminished reactive nitrogen loss and acquired optimal net ecosystem economic benefit in a wheat-maize rotation system[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2022,331:129964

    • [20] 刘超,胡正华,陈健,等.不同CO2浓度升高水平对水稻光合特性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(2):246-254 LIU Chao,HU Zhenghua,CHEN Jian,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 concentration levels on photosynthetic characteristics of rice[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2018,27(2):246-254

    • [21] 陈津赛,孙玮皓,王广帅,等.不同施氮量对麦田土壤水稳性团聚体和N2O排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2021,32(11):3961-3968 CHEN Jinsai,SUN Weihao,WANG Guangshuai,et al.Effects of different nitrogen application rates on soil water stable aggregates and N2O emission in winter wheat field[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2021,32(11):3961-3968

    • [22] Ye R W,Averill B A,Tiedje J M.Denitrification:production and consumption of nitric oxide[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1994,60(4):1053-1058

    • [23] 张志勇,于旭昊,熊淑萍,等.耕作方式与氮肥减施对黄褐土麦田土壤酶活性及温室气体排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(2):418-428 ZHANG Zhiyong,YU Xuhao,XIONG Shuping,et al.Effects of tillage methods and nitrogen fertilizer reduction on soil enzyme activities and greenhouse gas emissions of wheat yellow cinnamon soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2020,39(2):418-428

    • [24] 于海洋,王天宇,黄琼,等.CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响:Meta分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2022,52(3):517-527 YU Haiyang,WANG Tianyu,HUANG Qiong,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields:a meta-analysis[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2022,52(3):517-527

    • [25] Ineson P,Coward P A,Hartwig U A.Soil gas fluxes of N2O,CH4 and CO2 beneath Lolium perenne under elevated CO2:the Swiss free air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment[J].Plant and Soil,1998,198(1):89-95

    • [26] 封克,王子波,王小治,等.土壤pH对硝酸根还原过程中N2O产生的影响[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1):81-86 FENG Ke,WANG Zibo,WANG Xiaozhi,et al.Effect of soil pH on N2O production in nitrate reduction[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(1):81-86

    • [27] 梁东丽,同延安,Ove Emteryd,等.塿土土壤剖面中N2O浓度的时间和空间变异[J].生态学报,2003,23(4):731-737 LIANG Dongli,TONG Yanan,Ove Emteryd,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of nitrous oxide concentrations in soil profiles of Manural Loessial soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(4):731-737

    • [28] 曾科,王书伟,朱文彬,等.施氮方式与添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂对稻季NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2023,29(2):220-231 ZENG Ke,WANG Shuwei,ZHU Wenbin,et al.Effects of nitrogen application methods combined with urease/nitrification inhibitor on decreasing NH3 volatilization and N2O emission in rice season[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2023,29(2):220-231

    • [29] Shcherbak I,Millar N,Robertson G P.Global metaanalysis of the nonlinear response of soil nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions to fertilizer nitrogen[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(25):9199-9204

    • [30] 马兴华,于振文,梁晓芳,等.施氮量和底施追施比例对土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量时空变化的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(4):4630-4634 MA Xinghua,YU Zhenwen,LIANG Xiaofang,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate and its basal-/top-dressing ratio on spatio-temporal variations of soil NO-3-N and NH+4-N contents[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(4):4630-4634

    • [31] 周慧,史海滨,郭珈玮,等.有机无机肥配施对不同程度盐渍土N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学,2020,41(8):3811-3821 ZHOU Hui,SHI Haibin,GUO Jiawei,et al.Effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on N2O emissions from saline soil[J].Environmental Science,2020,41(8):3811-3821

    • [32] 党慧慧,刘超,夏晔,等.不同CO2浓度和施氮水平对麦田CO2 CO2净通量的影响[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2022,14(1):77-87 DANG Huihui,LIU Chao,XIA Ye,et al.Effect of different elevated CO2 concentrations and nitrogen application on net CO2 fluxes in wheat field[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology(Natural Science Edition),2022,14(1):77-87

    • [33] Bloom A J,Asensio J S R,Randall L,et al.CO2 enrichment inhibits shoot nitrate assimilation in C3 but not C4 plants and slows growth under nitrate in C3 plants[J].Ecology,2012,93(2):355-367

    • [34] 李明,李迎春,韩雪,等.大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥互作对玉米花后功能叶碳氮同化物的影响[J].中国农业气象,2021,42(9):715-728 LI Ming,LI Yingchun,HAN Xue,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen application on mass fractions of carbon and nitrogen assimilates in functional leaves of maize after flowering[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2021,42(9):715-728

    • [35] 孙宝宝,刘晓雨,袁睿,等.升温和大气CO2浓度升高对不同品种小麦养分吸收的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2020,39(6):1389-1399 SUN Baobao,LIU Xiaoyu,YUAN Rui,et al.Effects of warming and atmospheric CO2 enrichment on nutrient uptake of different wheat varieties[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2020,39(6):1389-1399

    • [36] 李俊志,常旭虹,王德梅,等.施氮水平对不同强筋小麦品种产量和品质的影响[J].作物杂志,2023(3):148-153 LI Junzhi,CHANG Xuhong,WANG Demei,et al.Effects of nitrogen application levels on yield and quality of different strong gluten wheat varieties[J].Crops,2023(3):148-153

    • 地址：江苏省南京市宁六路219号    邮编：210044

    联系电话：025-58731025    E-mail：nxdxb@nuist.edu.cn

    南京信息工程大学学报 ® 2025 版权所有  技术支持：北京勤云科技发展有限公司