en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
作者简介:

韦兆伟,男,硕士生,研究方向为气候变化与地-气碳氮交换.921204018@qq.com

通讯作者:

胡正华,男,博士,教授,研究方向为温室气体排放与减排和气象灾害风险评估等.zhhu@nuist.edu.cn;

李琪,男,博士,副教授,研究方向为气候变化生态研究.liqix123@sina.com

中图分类号:S512.1+1

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.13878/j.cnki.jnuist.20220823001

参考文献 1
WMO.The state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on global observations through 2019[R].WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin,2020
参考文献 2
NOAA.Earth's CO2 home page[EB/OL].[2022-08-01].https://www.CO2.earth/annual-CO2
参考文献 3
IPCC.Climate change 2021:the physical science basis [M].Cambridge UK,and New York,USA:Cambridge University Press,2021
参考文献 4
Hu Z H,Ling H,Chen S T,et al.Soil respiration,nitrification,and denitrification in a wheat farmland soil under different managements[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2013,44(21):3092-3102
参考文献 5
Chen S T,Liu Y,Zhai X Y,et al.Experimental warming effects on soil respiration,nitrification,and denitrification in a winter wheat-soybean rotation cropland[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2017,48(2):148-161
参考文献 6
Bilandžija D,Zgorelec Ž,Bilandžija N,et al.Contribution of winter wheat and barley cultivars to climate change via soil respiration in continental Croatia[J].Agronomy,2021,11(11):2127
参考文献 7
Bond-Lamberty B,Thomson A.Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record[J].Nature,2010,464(7288):579-582
参考文献 8
刘德辉,陶于祥.土壤、农业与全球气候变化[J].火山地质与矿产,2000,21(4):290-295.LIU Dehui,TAO Yuxiang.Soil,agriculture and global climatic evolution[J].Volcanology & Mineral Resources,2000,21(4):290-295
参考文献 9
FU Gang,ZHANG Haorui,LI Shaowei,et al.A meta-analysis of the effects of warming and elevated CO2 on soil microbes[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2019,10(1):69-76
参考文献 10
Billes G,Rouhier H,Bottner P.Modifications of the carbon and nitrogen allocations in the plant(Triticum aestivum L.)soil system in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration[J].Plant and Soil,1993,157(2):215-225
参考文献 11
Pendall E,Leavitt S W,Brooks T,et al.Elevated CO2 stimulates soil respiration in a FACE wheat field[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2001,2(3):193-201
参考文献 12
徐洲,冯倩,王玉,等.大气CO2浓度升高对春玉米土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2021,41(18):7331-7338.XU Zhou,FENG Qian,WANG Yu,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 on soil respiration of spring maize[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2021,41(18):7331-7338
参考文献 13
刘远,潘根兴,张辉,等.大气CO2浓度和温度升高对麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(8):1484-1491.LIU Yuan,PAN Genxing,ZHANG Hui,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on soil respiration and enzyme activity in a wheat field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(8):1484-1491
参考文献 14
马红亮,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.高CO2浓度对稻田CO2排放影响的初步分析[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(1):176-184.MA Hongliang,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Primary analysis in the effects of elevated [CO2]on emission of CO2 from rice paddy field[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2007,23(1):176-184
参考文献 15
党慧慧,刘超,夏晔,等.不同CO2浓度和施氮水平对麦田CO2净通量的影响[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2022,14(1):77-87.DANG Huihui,LIU Chao,XIA Ye,et al.Effect of different elevated CO2 concentrations and nitrogen application on net CO2 fluxes in wheat field[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology(Natural Science Edition),2022,14(1):77-87
参考文献 16
WANG Yuesi,WANG Yinghong.Quick measurement of CH4,CO2 and N2O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(5):842-844
参考文献 17
Keidel L,Kammann C,Grünhage L,et al.Positive feedback of elevated CO2 on soil respiration in late autumn and winter[J].Biogeosciences,2015,12(4):1257-1269
参考文献 18
Wang Y Y,Hu Z H,Islam A R M T,et al.Effect of warming and elevated O3 concentration on CO2 emissions in a wheat-soybean rotation cropland[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2019,16(10):1755
参考文献 19
Drake J E,Stoy P C,Jackson R B,et al.Fine-root respiration in a loblolly pine(Pinus taeda L.)forest exposed to elevated CO2 and N fertilization[J].Plant,Cell & Environment,2008,31(11):1663-1672
参考文献 20
Phillips R P,Finzi A C,Bernhardt E S.Enhanced root exudation induces microbial feedbacks to N cycling in a pine forest under long-term CO2 fumigation[J].Ecology Letters,2011,14(2):187-194
参考文献 21
寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.冬小麦旺盛生长期CO2浓度升高对土壤呼吸的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(3):1111-1116.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric pCO2 on soil respiration during wheat bloom-growth period[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(3):1111-1116
参考文献 22
寇太记,徐晓峰,朱建国,等.CO2浓度升高和施氮条件下小麦根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2533-2538.KOU Taiji,XU Xiaofeng,ZHU Jianguo,et al.Contribution of wheat rhizosphere respiration to soil respiration under elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen application[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2533-2538
参考文献 23
Kou T J,Zhu J G,Xie Z B,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on soil and root respiration in winter wheat by using a respiration partitioning chamber[J].Plant and Soil,2007,299(1/2):237-249
参考文献 24
寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.大气CO2体积分数升高环境温度与土壤水分对农田土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):950-956.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.The effects of temperature and soil moisture on soil respiration in the cropland under elevated pCO2[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(3):950-956
参考文献 25
寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.CO2浓度增加和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦根系呼吸及生物量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(4):922-931.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and level of nitrogen fertilizer on root respiration and biomass of winter wheat[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(4):922-931
参考文献 26
周玉梅,韩士杰,辛丽花.CO2浓度升高对红松和长白松土壤呼吸作用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9):1757-1760.ZHOU Yumei,HAN Shijie,XIN Lihua.Soil respiration of Pinus koraiensis and P.sylvestriformis trees growing at elevated CO2 concentration[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(9):1757-1760
参考文献 27
Weigel H J,Pacholski A,Burkart S,et al.Carbon turnover in a crop rotation under free air CO2 enrichment(FACE)[J].Pedosphere,2005,15(6):728-738
参考文献 28
陈全胜,李凌浩,韩兴国,等.典型温带草原群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性与土壤水分的关系[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):831-836.CHEN Quansheng,LI Linghao,HAN Xingguo,et al.Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in relation to soil moisture in 11 communities of typical temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(4):831-836
参考文献 29
You G Y,Zhang Z Y,Zhang R D.Temperature adaptability of soil respiration in short-term incubation experiments[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2019,19(2):557-565
参考文献 30
李凌浩,陈佐忠.草地群落的土壤呼吸[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(4):45-51.LI Linghao,CHEN Zuozhong.Soil respiration in grassland communities in the world[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1998,17(4):45-51
参考文献 31
Decker K L M,Wang D,Waite C,et al.Snow removal and ambient air temperature effects on forest soil temperatures in northern Vermont[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(4):1234-1242
参考文献 32
Wildung R E,Garland T R,Buschbom R L.The interdependent effects of soil temperature and water content on soil respiration rate and plant root decomposition in arid grassland soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1975,7(6):373-378
参考文献 33
张晓龙,沈冰,权全,等.渭河平原农田冬小麦土壤呼吸及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2551-2560.ZHANG Xiaolong,SHEN Bing,QUAN Quan,et al.Soil respiration rates and its affecting factors in winter wheat land in the Weihe Plain,Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(8):2551-2560
参考文献 34
McIntyre R E S,Adams M A,Ford D J,et al.Rewetting and litter addition influence mineralisation and microbial communities in soils from a semi-arid intermittent stream[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(1):92-101
参考文献 35
涂志华,庞卓,赵阳,等.北京西山侧柏人工林土壤呼吸组分及其影响因素[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2948-2956.TU Zhihua,PANG Zhuo,ZHAO Yang,et al.Soil respiration components and their controlling factors in a Platycladus orientalis plantation in west mountain area of Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(9):2948-2956
参考文献 36
Xu Y Y,Ma X C,Wang Y X,et al.Effects of ridge-furrow mulching system with supplementary irrigation on soil respiration in winter wheat fields under different rainfall conditions[J].Agricultural Water Management,2020,239:106237
目录contents

    摘要

    为研究大气CO2浓度缓增对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)土壤呼吸的影响,基于开顶式气室组成的CO2浓度自动调控平台,在2017—2019年开展了两季冬小麦CO2浓度缓增试验.每季试验在背景大气CO2浓度基础上(CK,对照),均设置了CO2浓度缓增处理(C80和C120,即从2016年起逐年增加40 μmol·mol-1,至2017—2018年和2018—2019年冬小麦生长季CO2浓度分别为CK+80 μmol·mol-1和CK+120 μmol·mol-1).采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定土壤呼吸速率.结果表明:CO2浓度缓增没有显著改变土壤呼吸的季节变化规律,但是会显著影响冬小麦旺盛生长期的土壤呼吸速率.在2018—2019年冬小麦抽穗-扬花期,C120处理使土壤呼吸速率显著增加50.2%(P=0.008),且使得生长季土壤碳排放显著增加25.9%(P=0.044),而在2017—2018年冬小麦生长季,与CK相比,C80处理对土壤呼吸没有显著影响.土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈指数正相关,与CK相比,CO2浓度缓增降低了土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性.研究表明,CO2浓度缓增120 μmol·mol-1增加了冬小麦生长季土壤碳排放.

    Abstract

    To examine the effects of gradual increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration on soil respiration of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) field,a gradually increased CO2 concentration experiment was conducted with automatic control system of CO2 in open top chambers (OTCs) during 2017-2019 growing seasons.In this study,a gradual increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration (C80 and C120,an increase of 40 μmol·mol-1 year by year from 2016) was set up based on the ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration (CK).The soil respiration rate (Rs) was measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method.The results showed that gradually increased CO2 did not alter the seasonal patterns of soil respiration,but had significant effect on Rs during winter wheat bloom-growth period.In 2018-2019 growing season,compared to CK,C120 treatment significantly increased Rs by 50.2% (P=0.008) at the heading-flowering stage,and significantly increased cumulative amount of CO2 emissions (CAC) by 25.9% (P=0.044) during the wheat growing season;while in 2017-2018 growing season,compared to CK,C80 treatment had no significant effect on Rs.A positive exponential relationship was found between soil respiration rate and soil temperature.Compared to CK,gradually increased CO2 concentration reduced the temperature sensitivity coefficient of soil respiration(Q10 values).In summary,a gradual increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration of 120 μmol·mol-1 increased CAC during the growing season of winter wheat.

  • 0 引言

  • 当今,以气候变暖为主要特点的全球气候变化给人类发展带来严重挑战.大气中二氧化碳(CO2)等温室气体浓度不断增加是全球气候变暖的主要原因.CO2作为最重要的温室气体,对气候变暖贡献率达到66%[1].目前大气CO2浓度已经达到416.5 μmol·mol-1,较工业革命前约高出48.8%[2].在高排放情景(SSP5-8.5)下,未来20年全球平均地表温度很有可能增加1.5℃[3].土壤呼吸作为陆地生态系统碳循环的重要过程,是最大的CO2排放源之一,同时也是气候变化领域研究的热点[4-6].研究表明,每年土壤释放到大气的碳达到98 Pg,且释放的碳量逐年增加[7],其中,全球农田生态系统的土壤呼吸释放的碳量达640 g·m-2·a-1,在一定程度上高于草原生态系统的碳排放[8]

  • 受田间控制试验技术的限制,关于大气CO2浓度增加对农田生态系统温室气体通量的研究起步较晚[9].Billes等[10]发现CO2浓度增加使得土壤呼吸速率增加19%; Pendall等[11]研究发现在春小麦生长旺盛阶段,CO2浓度增加180 μmol·mol-1使得土壤呼吸速率显著增加; 徐洲等[12]研究表明CO2浓度增加到700 μmol·mol-1显著增加春玉米(Frumentum)乳熟和蜡熟期土壤呼吸速率.有学者得出不同的结论,例如:刘远等[13]研究发现大气CO2浓度增加对冬小麦土壤呼吸速率没有显著影响; 马红亮等[14]考虑到不同土壤中碳分解矿化存在差异,将长期种植C3作物的土壤与长期种植C4作物的土壤混合,发现CO2浓度增加200 μmol·mol-1降低了土壤CO2排放.值得注意的是,上述研究大多基于大气CO2浓度是一个高浓度常值且保持不变,而实际大气CO2浓度是缓慢增加的,但是目前少有研究报道大气CO2浓度缓增对农田土壤呼吸的影响.

  • 小麦(Triticum aestivum)作为重要的粮食作物,世界种植面积约2.3亿hm2,同时也是我国三大种植作物之一.开展大气CO2浓度增加及土壤温度和湿度对冬小麦土壤呼吸影响的原位试验有助于阐明农田土壤呼吸对大气CO2浓度增加的响应和反馈.为了更好地模拟大气CO2浓度的变化过程,本研究在背景CO2浓度基础上,设置了缓增处理(从2016年起逐年增加40 μmol·mol-1),并从冬小麦土壤呼吸的季节变化动态、关键生育期平均速率和累积碳排放量等多方面进行分析,为未来气候变化情境下农田土壤呼吸对碳循环的影响以及农田生态系统碳周转和碳收支的评估提供一定的参考和依据.

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 研究区域与材料

  • 田间试验地点位于南京信息工程大学农业气象与生态试验站(32.20°N,118.72°E),属于亚热带季风气候,年平均降水量为1 102 mm,相对湿度76%,年平均温度15.4℃.供试土壤为潴育型水稻土,耕作层土壤质地为壤质黏土,黏粒含量为26.1%.0~20 cm土壤容重为1.6 g·cm-3,pH(H2O)值为6.3,有机碳和全氮分别为12.0 g·kg-1和1.5 g·kg-1.供试材料扬麦22号,为弱筋小麦,全生育期约176 d.冬小麦关键生育期和肥料管理如表1所示,全生育期施氮总量为25 g·m-2,分3次施肥,比例(质量比)为基肥∶返青肥∶拔节-孕穗肥=50%∶35%∶15%.肥料主要使用复合肥(N、P和K的质量比为1∶1∶1)和尿素(N质量分数 46.7%).水分、栽培密度等其他管理措施与当地常规管理方式一致.

  • 表1 冬小麦关键生育期和肥料管理

  • Table1 Critical growth periods and fertilizer management of winter wheat

  • 1.2 试验设计

  • 本研究依托2016年建成并运行至今的开顶式气室(Open Top Chambers,OTCs)组成的CO2浓度自动调控平台,模拟大气CO2浓度增加.OTC为正八边形棱柱体(对边直径3.75 m、高3 m、底面积10 m2),每个OTC配备CO2传感器(Vaisala Inc.,Helsinki,Finland)和温湿度记录仪.OTC内CO2浓度通过计算机程序实现自动检测和调控,CO2气源采用高压液态CO2(纯度99%).控制系统详情见文献[15]

  • 试验基于2017—2019年两季冬小麦,每季冬小麦的OTCs内均设置两种处理:背景大气CO2浓度(CK)和CO2浓度缓增处理(C80和C120).缓增处理为在背景CO2浓度基础上,自2016年逐年增加40 μmol·mol-1,至2017—2018年和2018—2019年冬小麦生长季缓增处理的CO2浓度分别为CK+80 μmol·mol-1和CK+120 μmol·mol-1.各处理重复4次,共计8个OTC.CO2浓度缓增处理从冬小麦返青开始至成熟结束.

  • 1.3 测定项目与方法

  • 1.3.1 土壤呼吸速率的测定

  • 从冬小麦生长季开始,随机在植株旁边的土中埋设内径20 cm、外径25 cm、高10 cm的无底盆钵作为采样底座,底座上沿有1.5 cm深的凹槽,每个气室设置一个底座.土壤呼吸速率的测定采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法.采样箱呈圆柱状,PVC材质,横截面直径为22.0 cm,顶端留有用于放置温度计和抽气管的小孔.箱体外侧和顶端用不透光胶带及隔热铝箔覆盖,避免箱体内温度在采样过程中发生显著变化.采样时注入适量的水使底座与采样箱密封,在采样箱密封后的0、10、20 min采集3次气样,并在气体采样过程中记录采样箱内的温度.采集气样时间均在09:00—11:00,每周选择晴好天气测定1~2次.

  • 气样用气相色谱仪Agilent-7890B(Agilent Co.,Stanta Clara,CA,USA)测定,通过对每组3个样品的气体混合比与相应的采样间隔时间(0、10、20 min)进行线性回归,求得土壤呼吸速率[16].计算公式如下:

  • F=HMPR(273+T)dρdt,
    (1)
  • 式中,F为土壤呼吸速率(mg·m-2·h-1),H为采集箱的有效高度,M为CO2的摩尔质量(44 g·mol-1),P 为标准大气压(101.3 kPa),R为普适气体常数(8.314 J·mol-1·K-1),T为采样时箱内平均气温(℃),dρ/dt为观测时间内CO2浓度随时间变化的斜率,ρt时刻箱内CO2的体积混合比浓度(μmol·mol-1),t为时间(s)

  • CO2累积排放量计算公式如下:

  • E=t=1n Dt+1-DtFt+1+Ft2,
    (2)
  • 式中,E为CO2累积排放量(mg·m-2),n为测定总次数,Dt+1-Dt表示相邻两次测定日期间隔(d),F为土壤呼吸速率(mg·m-2·h-1).

  • 1.3.2 环境因子的测定及土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数(Q10)计算

  • 在采集气样的同时,用土壤水分温度电导率速测仪(Hydra Probe Ⅱ,Stevens Water Monitoring Systems,USA)测定5 cm深的土壤温湿度.其他气象数据(空气温度、降水等)由自动小型气象站(ZMetpro,Campbell Scientific,Inc.,USA)收集.

  • 利用指数关系拟合冬小麦土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系,即:

  • F=αeβθ,
    (3)
  • 式中,F为土壤呼吸速率(mg·m-2·h-1),α为0℃时的土壤呼吸速率(mg·m-2·h-1),β为温度反应系数,θ为土壤5 cm温度(℃).

  • Q10值表示土壤呼吸速率对土壤温度变化的敏感性,在式(3)基础上,利用温度反应系数β计算Q10值.即:

  • Q10=e10β.
    (4)
  • 1.4 数据分析及方法

  • 运用Microsoft Office Excel 2019对原始数据进行预处理.运用SPSS 25.0统计软件(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)、重复测量方差分析(Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance,MANOVA)和Pearson相关性分析(Univariate),采用最小显著性差异法(Least Significant Difference,LSD)进行多重检验(P<0.05).使用Origin 2018绘图软件(OriginLab Corp.,Wellesley Hills,USA)完成制图.

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 环境因子变化

  • 如图1所示,2017—2019年冬小麦旺盛生长期土壤温湿度均存在明显的季节变化规律.两季冬小麦生长后期的土壤湿度受降水量影响而产生明显差异(图1),其原因可能是2017—2018年冬小麦生长季降水分布不均匀,生长季后期降水强度大,2018年5月8日单日最高降水量达到106.1 mm,显著高于其他时期.

  • 缓增处理下土壤温湿度与CK相比无明显差异(P>0.05).2017—2018年冬小麦生长季土壤温湿度CO2处理差异分别介于0.1~1.9℃和0.1%~3.8%之间; 2018—2019年冬小麦生长季土壤温湿度CO2处理差异分别介于0.2~1.4℃和0.2%~5.9%之间.

  • 图1 冬小麦生长季环境因子变化

  • Fig.1 Changes of environmental factors during growing seasons of winter wheat

  • 2.2 土壤呼吸速率季节变化动态

  • 不同CO2浓度处理下,两个冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸速率均呈现升—降—升的季节变化规律(图2).重复测量方差分析表明,两个冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸均随生育期显著变化(P<0.01).C120处理对2018—2019年冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸产生显著影响(P<0.05).两个冬小麦生长季CO2处理与生育期对土壤呼吸均无显著交互作用(P>0.05),表明CO2浓度缓增并没有显著改变土壤呼吸的季节变化规律.

  • 2.3 关键生育期土壤呼吸速率的变化

  • 2017—2019年冬小麦关键生育期土壤呼吸速率如表2所示.LSD(最小显著性差异)分析表明,缓增处理对土壤呼吸的影响会因冬小麦生育期不同而产生显著差异.在2017—2018年冬小麦生长季,与CK相比,C80处理对土壤呼吸速率没有显著影响,而在2018—2019年冬小麦返青期和抽穗-扬花期,与CK相比,C120处理分别使得土壤呼吸速率显著增加124.0%(P=0.000)和50.2%(P=0.008).

  • 2.4 土壤CO2累积排放量的变化

  • 图3是不同CO2浓度处理下两季冬小麦相同日期内土壤CO2累积排放量(CAC)变化.在2017—2018年冬小麦生长季,与CK相比,C80处理对CAC没有产生显著影响(P>0.05),而在2018—2019年冬小麦生长季,与CK相比,C120处理使得CAC显著增加25.9%(P=0.044).

  • 2.5 土壤呼吸速率与土壤温湿度的关系

  • Pearson相关性分析表明,CK处理下,土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率显著相关,但是随着CO2浓度的缓慢增加,土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率的相关性有所降低(表3).回归分析表明,在2017—2019年冬小麦生长季,土壤呼吸与土壤温度均存在显著指数关系(P<0.01)(图4); 土壤呼吸与土壤湿度仅在2018—2019年冬小麦生长季存在显著线性关系(P<0.01).

  • 图2 冬小麦土壤呼吸速率季节动态

  • Fig.2 Seasonal dynamics of soil respiration rate of winter wheat under different CO2 concentration treatments

  • 表2 冬小麦关键生育期土壤呼吸速率

  • Table2 Soil respiration rates during critical growth periods of winter wheat

  • 注:数据为平均值±标准误差(n=4).不同小写字母代表不同CO2处理在P<0.05水平上差异显著.

  • 图3 土壤CO2累积排放量变化

  • Fig.3 Changes of cumulative amount of CO2 emissions

  • 温度敏感性系数作为衡量土壤温度升高对土壤呼吸综合影响的指标,反映了土壤温度每增加10℃土壤碳排放增加的程度.在2017—2018年冬小麦生长季,CK和C80处理下的Q10值分别为2.23和1.97; 在2018—2019年冬小麦生长季,CK和C120处理下的Q10值分别为1.31和1.22.结果表明,2017—2018年冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸对温度敏感性大于2018—2019年冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸对温度敏感性.虽然两个冬小麦生长季的Q10值随着CO2浓度的缓慢增加,均会降低,但与CK相比,CO2浓度缓增过程中Q10值降低幅度不同,C80和C120处理下Q10值分别降低11.7%和6.8%.

  • 表3 土壤呼吸速率与土壤温湿度的相关性分析

  • Table3 Correlation analysis between soil respiration rate and soil temperature and moisture

  • 注:*,**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上相关性显著.

  • 土壤湿度作为重要的环境因子之一,其对土壤呼吸的影响同样不容忽视,土壤湿度的变化很有可能导致土壤呼吸规律发生根本性改变.试验结果表明,土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度的关系会因土壤湿度范围不同而发生变化,即在土壤湿度介于10%~20%之间时,土壤呼吸速率会随着土壤湿度的增加而增加,当土壤湿度超过20%这个阈值时,土壤呼吸速率随着土壤湿度的增加而降低,且这种湿度适应范围随着CO2浓度的缓增有扩大的趋势(图5).总的来说,土壤湿度能够单独作为解释土壤呼吸变化的信息量较少(图4、图5).

  • 图4 不同CO2浓度处理下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的关系(n=28,76)

  • Fig.4 Relationship between soil respiration rate and soil temperature under different CO2 concentration treatments (n=28, 76)

  • 图5 不同CO2浓度处理下土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度的关系(n=28,76)

  • Fig.5 Relationship between soil respiration rate and soil moisture under different CO2 concentration treatments (n=28, 76)

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 土壤呼吸对CO2浓度缓增的响应

  • 3.1.1 土壤呼吸的季节变化

  • 植物根系呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸作为土壤呼吸的主要过程,其强弱随着作物的生长状态和土壤微生物活动所影响的土壤性质变化而变化,所以土壤呼吸对大气CO2浓度增加的响应具有明显的季节变化特征[17].本试验研究结果表明,土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化规律.由于地上生物量较少,作物覆盖物少,在冬小麦生长前期土壤呼吸速率均较低[18]; 随着冬小麦的生长,土壤呼吸速率波动变化,在冬小麦旺盛生长阶段土壤呼吸速率达到峰值; 灌浆期后由于冬小麦对CO2的利用和吸收较强,土壤有机碳随时间减少,导致土壤呼吸速率逐渐下降; 在进入成熟期后又小幅度上升.值得注意的是,重复测量方差分析结果表明CO2处理与生育期没有显著交互作用,说明CO2浓度缓增并没有显著改变这种季节变化规律.

  • 3.1.2 CO2浓度缓增对土壤呼吸的影响

  • 土壤呼吸主要包括根系自养呼吸和土壤微生物的异养呼吸.一方面,CO2浓度增加通过增强植物光合作用使得植物根系活性增强、生物量增加,对土壤呼吸速率产生一定的促进作用[19]; 另一方面,CO2浓度增加也给微生物带来了更多的可利用有机碳,会在一定程度上促进土壤中微生物呼吸[20]

  • 本研究发现在2018—2019年冬小麦生长季,CO2浓度缓增120 μmol·mol-1使得冬小麦返青期的土壤呼吸速率增加,但是大部分的研究表明CO2浓度增加会使得冬小麦孕穗、抽穗期的土壤呼吸显著增加[21-23].究其原因,参考Wang等[18]的研究发现冬小麦生长前期对CO2的吸收和利用较低,减少了土壤表面的CO2扩散,因此推测在冬小麦返青期的观测结果差异可能与冬小麦生长前期对CO2的利用低导致的土壤表面的CO2浓度过高有关.本研究发现CO2浓度缓增120 μmol·mol-1对冬小麦抽穗-扬花期的土壤呼吸产生显著影响且增加了土壤累积碳排放,这与目前大部分的研究结果一致.这可能与CO2浓度缓增显著提高了冬小麦地下部生物量后,抽穗期的根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献增加有关[2224-25],同时研究表明这可能也与CO2浓度增加显著影响抽穗期转化酶活性有关[13].综上可知,冬小麦的生长阶段是影响冬小麦土壤呼吸对大气CO2浓度缓增响应程度的重要因素[24].本研究中CO2浓度缓增处理下的土壤碳排放存在显著差异,CO2浓度缓慢增加到一定程度会使得土壤碳排放增加,一方面,可能是不同CO2浓度增加水平对根系呼吸及土壤微生物活性的影响不同,另一方面,可能是不同CO2浓度增加水平对土壤表面CO2浓度状态及CO2扩散率的影响不同[26]

  • 3.2 CO2浓度缓增处理下土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的影响

  • 土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸的关键因子,土壤温度的变化可能会导致土壤呼吸的日变化和季节变化规律发生根本性的改变.大量的研究已经证实土壤温度和土壤呼吸具有很好的相关性[2327],另外通过指数方程计算得出的土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数[28],能较好地反映出在CO2浓度缓增处理下,土壤呼吸对土壤温度变化的碳排放响应情况(图4).本研究结果表明,土壤温度与土壤呼吸呈指数正相关,且试验结果均表明CO2浓度缓增降低Q10值,说明CO2浓度缓增使得土壤呼吸对土壤温度变化的响应程度降低.这种Q10值变化结果与寇太记等[21]对冬小麦土壤呼吸的研究结果以及徐洲等[12]对春玉米土壤呼吸的研究结果一致,即土壤呼吸对温度增加的敏感性会因为CO2浓度的增加出现不同程度的下降.在上述研究结果基础上,本研究结果表明CO2缓增条件下,Q10值的降低幅度不同,排除水热条件等其他因素的影响,发现两季冬小麦土壤呼吸对土壤温度敏感性均随着CO2浓度的缓增,降低幅度逐渐减小.考虑到土壤呼吸具有温度适应性的特点[29],说明土壤呼吸随着CO2浓度的缓增,其对温度的适应能力可能会变强.

  • 土壤湿度会影响到土壤微生物活性及土壤可溶性养分的含量,从而影响土壤呼吸的强弱.在大多数情况下,土壤湿度和土壤温度协同影响土壤呼吸速率[30].在干旱、半干旱地区,土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的影响权重要大于土壤温度[31].前人研究表明,土壤水分与土壤呼吸具有线性相关性[32].寇太记等[24]在FACE稻-麦轮作生态系统中两年的观测试验表明土壤水分变化与土壤呼吸呈负相关关系,但是相关性较差,能够解释土壤呼吸季节变化的程度较低.本研究结果表明,土壤呼吸与土壤湿度的关系受降水量、降水时期的影响很大,两者关系不确定性很高.土壤湿度作为次要环境因素,未来与土壤温度、氮肥水平等其他影响因素的复合模型也许能降低这种不确定性[2233].另外两季冬小麦的观测结果也表明土壤湿度对土壤呼吸影响范围是10%~20%,降水量、降水时期差异造成两季冬小麦土壤湿度差异证实了影响范围的存在.在影响范围内,随着土壤湿度的增加,土壤呼吸速率逐渐增加,超出这个范围,土壤呼吸会随着土壤水分的增加而降低,且这种规律随着CO2浓度的缓增变得更明显(图5).这也说明在CO2浓度逐渐缓增过程中,土壤水分对土壤呼吸的影响可能存在一个抑制和促进的临界点[34-36]

  • 4 结论

  • 大气CO2浓度缓增对冬小麦生长季的土壤呼吸季节变化规律无显著影响,但是CO2浓度缓增120 μmol·mol-1显著增加了冬小麦抽穗-扬花期的土壤呼吸速率,且显著增加了生长季土壤碳排放.冬小麦生长季土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈指数正相关,大气CO2浓度缓增在一定程度上降低了土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WMO.The state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on global observations through 2019[R].WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin,2020

    • [2] NOAA.Earth's CO2 home page[EB/OL].[2022-08-01].https://www.CO2.earth/annual-CO2

    • [3] IPCC.Climate change 2021:the physical science basis [M].Cambridge UK,and New York,USA:Cambridge University Press,2021

    • [4] Hu Z H,Ling H,Chen S T,et al.Soil respiration,nitrification,and denitrification in a wheat farmland soil under different managements[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2013,44(21):3092-3102

    • [5] Chen S T,Liu Y,Zhai X Y,et al.Experimental warming effects on soil respiration,nitrification,and denitrification in a winter wheat-soybean rotation cropland[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2017,48(2):148-161

    • [6] Bilandžija D,Zgorelec Ž,Bilandžija N,et al.Contribution of winter wheat and barley cultivars to climate change via soil respiration in continental Croatia[J].Agronomy,2021,11(11):2127

    • [7] Bond-Lamberty B,Thomson A.Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record[J].Nature,2010,464(7288):579-582

    • [8] 刘德辉,陶于祥.土壤、农业与全球气候变化[J].火山地质与矿产,2000,21(4):290-295.LIU Dehui,TAO Yuxiang.Soil,agriculture and global climatic evolution[J].Volcanology & Mineral Resources,2000,21(4):290-295

    • [9] FU Gang,ZHANG Haorui,LI Shaowei,et al.A meta-analysis of the effects of warming and elevated CO2 on soil microbes[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2019,10(1):69-76

    • [10] Billes G,Rouhier H,Bottner P.Modifications of the carbon and nitrogen allocations in the plant(Triticum aestivum L.)soil system in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration[J].Plant and Soil,1993,157(2):215-225

    • [11] Pendall E,Leavitt S W,Brooks T,et al.Elevated CO2 stimulates soil respiration in a FACE wheat field[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2001,2(3):193-201

    • [12] 徐洲,冯倩,王玉,等.大气CO2浓度升高对春玉米土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2021,41(18):7331-7338.XU Zhou,FENG Qian,WANG Yu,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 on soil respiration of spring maize[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2021,41(18):7331-7338

    • [13] 刘远,潘根兴,张辉,等.大气CO2浓度和温度升高对麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(8):1484-1491.LIU Yuan,PAN Genxing,ZHANG Hui,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on soil respiration and enzyme activity in a wheat field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(8):1484-1491

    • [14] 马红亮,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.高CO2浓度对稻田CO2排放影响的初步分析[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(1):176-184.MA Hongliang,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Primary analysis in the effects of elevated [CO2]on emission of CO2 from rice paddy field[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2007,23(1):176-184

    • [15] 党慧慧,刘超,夏晔,等.不同CO2浓度和施氮水平对麦田CO2净通量的影响[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2022,14(1):77-87.DANG Huihui,LIU Chao,XIA Ye,et al.Effect of different elevated CO2 concentrations and nitrogen application on net CO2 fluxes in wheat field[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology(Natural Science Edition),2022,14(1):77-87

    • [16] WANG Yuesi,WANG Yinghong.Quick measurement of CH4,CO2 and N2O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(5):842-844

    • [17] Keidel L,Kammann C,Grünhage L,et al.Positive feedback of elevated CO2 on soil respiration in late autumn and winter[J].Biogeosciences,2015,12(4):1257-1269

    • [18] Wang Y Y,Hu Z H,Islam A R M T,et al.Effect of warming and elevated O3 concentration on CO2 emissions in a wheat-soybean rotation cropland[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2019,16(10):1755

    • [19] Drake J E,Stoy P C,Jackson R B,et al.Fine-root respiration in a loblolly pine(Pinus taeda L.)forest exposed to elevated CO2 and N fertilization[J].Plant,Cell & Environment,2008,31(11):1663-1672

    • [20] Phillips R P,Finzi A C,Bernhardt E S.Enhanced root exudation induces microbial feedbacks to N cycling in a pine forest under long-term CO2 fumigation[J].Ecology Letters,2011,14(2):187-194

    • [21] 寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.冬小麦旺盛生长期CO2浓度升高对土壤呼吸的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(3):1111-1116.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric pCO2 on soil respiration during wheat bloom-growth period[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(3):1111-1116

    • [22] 寇太记,徐晓峰,朱建国,等.CO2浓度升高和施氮条件下小麦根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2533-2538.KOU Taiji,XU Xiaofeng,ZHU Jianguo,et al.Contribution of wheat rhizosphere respiration to soil respiration under elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen application[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2533-2538

    • [23] Kou T J,Zhu J G,Xie Z B,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on soil and root respiration in winter wheat by using a respiration partitioning chamber[J].Plant and Soil,2007,299(1/2):237-249

    • [24] 寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.大气CO2体积分数升高环境温度与土壤水分对农田土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):950-956.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.The effects of temperature and soil moisture on soil respiration in the cropland under elevated pCO2[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(3):950-956

    • [25] 寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.CO2浓度增加和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦根系呼吸及生物量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(4):922-931.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and level of nitrogen fertilizer on root respiration and biomass of winter wheat[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(4):922-931

    • [26] 周玉梅,韩士杰,辛丽花.CO2浓度升高对红松和长白松土壤呼吸作用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9):1757-1760.ZHOU Yumei,HAN Shijie,XIN Lihua.Soil respiration of Pinus koraiensis and P.sylvestriformis trees growing at elevated CO2 concentration[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(9):1757-1760

    • [27] Weigel H J,Pacholski A,Burkart S,et al.Carbon turnover in a crop rotation under free air CO2 enrichment(FACE)[J].Pedosphere,2005,15(6):728-738

    • [28] 陈全胜,李凌浩,韩兴国,等.典型温带草原群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性与土壤水分的关系[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):831-836.CHEN Quansheng,LI Linghao,HAN Xingguo,et al.Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in relation to soil moisture in 11 communities of typical temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(4):831-836

    • [29] You G Y,Zhang Z Y,Zhang R D.Temperature adaptability of soil respiration in short-term incubation experiments[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2019,19(2):557-565

    • [30] 李凌浩,陈佐忠.草地群落的土壤呼吸[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(4):45-51.LI Linghao,CHEN Zuozhong.Soil respiration in grassland communities in the world[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1998,17(4):45-51

    • [31] Decker K L M,Wang D,Waite C,et al.Snow removal and ambient air temperature effects on forest soil temperatures in northern Vermont[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(4):1234-1242

    • [32] Wildung R E,Garland T R,Buschbom R L.The interdependent effects of soil temperature and water content on soil respiration rate and plant root decomposition in arid grassland soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1975,7(6):373-378

    • [33] 张晓龙,沈冰,权全,等.渭河平原农田冬小麦土壤呼吸及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2551-2560.ZHANG Xiaolong,SHEN Bing,QUAN Quan,et al.Soil respiration rates and its affecting factors in winter wheat land in the Weihe Plain,Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(8):2551-2560

    • [34] McIntyre R E S,Adams M A,Ford D J,et al.Rewetting and litter addition influence mineralisation and microbial communities in soils from a semi-arid intermittent stream[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(1):92-101

    • [35] 涂志华,庞卓,赵阳,等.北京西山侧柏人工林土壤呼吸组分及其影响因素[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2948-2956.TU Zhihua,PANG Zhuo,ZHAO Yang,et al.Soil respiration components and their controlling factors in a Platycladus orientalis plantation in west mountain area of Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(9):2948-2956

    • [36] Xu Y Y,Ma X C,Wang Y X,et al.Effects of ridge-furrow mulching system with supplementary irrigation on soil respiration in winter wheat fields under different rainfall conditions[J].Agricultural Water Management,2020,239:106237

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WMO.The state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on global observations through 2019[R].WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin,2020

    • [2] NOAA.Earth's CO2 home page[EB/OL].[2022-08-01].https://www.CO2.earth/annual-CO2

    • [3] IPCC.Climate change 2021:the physical science basis [M].Cambridge UK,and New York,USA:Cambridge University Press,2021

    • [4] Hu Z H,Ling H,Chen S T,et al.Soil respiration,nitrification,and denitrification in a wheat farmland soil under different managements[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2013,44(21):3092-3102

    • [5] Chen S T,Liu Y,Zhai X Y,et al.Experimental warming effects on soil respiration,nitrification,and denitrification in a winter wheat-soybean rotation cropland[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2017,48(2):148-161

    • [6] Bilandžija D,Zgorelec Ž,Bilandžija N,et al.Contribution of winter wheat and barley cultivars to climate change via soil respiration in continental Croatia[J].Agronomy,2021,11(11):2127

    • [7] Bond-Lamberty B,Thomson A.Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record[J].Nature,2010,464(7288):579-582

    • [8] 刘德辉,陶于祥.土壤、农业与全球气候变化[J].火山地质与矿产,2000,21(4):290-295.LIU Dehui,TAO Yuxiang.Soil,agriculture and global climatic evolution[J].Volcanology & Mineral Resources,2000,21(4):290-295

    • [9] FU Gang,ZHANG Haorui,LI Shaowei,et al.A meta-analysis of the effects of warming and elevated CO2 on soil microbes[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2019,10(1):69-76

    • [10] Billes G,Rouhier H,Bottner P.Modifications of the carbon and nitrogen allocations in the plant(Triticum aestivum L.)soil system in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration[J].Plant and Soil,1993,157(2):215-225

    • [11] Pendall E,Leavitt S W,Brooks T,et al.Elevated CO2 stimulates soil respiration in a FACE wheat field[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2001,2(3):193-201

    • [12] 徐洲,冯倩,王玉,等.大气CO2浓度升高对春玉米土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2021,41(18):7331-7338.XU Zhou,FENG Qian,WANG Yu,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 on soil respiration of spring maize[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2021,41(18):7331-7338

    • [13] 刘远,潘根兴,张辉,等.大气CO2浓度和温度升高对麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(8):1484-1491.LIU Yuan,PAN Genxing,ZHANG Hui,et al.Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on soil respiration and enzyme activity in a wheat field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(8):1484-1491

    • [14] 马红亮,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.高CO2浓度对稻田CO2排放影响的初步分析[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(1):176-184.MA Hongliang,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Primary analysis in the effects of elevated [CO2]on emission of CO2 from rice paddy field[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2007,23(1):176-184

    • [15] 党慧慧,刘超,夏晔,等.不同CO2浓度和施氮水平对麦田CO2净通量的影响[J].南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),2022,14(1):77-87.DANG Huihui,LIU Chao,XIA Ye,et al.Effect of different elevated CO2 concentrations and nitrogen application on net CO2 fluxes in wheat field[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology(Natural Science Edition),2022,14(1):77-87

    • [16] WANG Yuesi,WANG Yinghong.Quick measurement of CH4,CO2 and N2O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2003,20(5):842-844

    • [17] Keidel L,Kammann C,Grünhage L,et al.Positive feedback of elevated CO2 on soil respiration in late autumn and winter[J].Biogeosciences,2015,12(4):1257-1269

    • [18] Wang Y Y,Hu Z H,Islam A R M T,et al.Effect of warming and elevated O3 concentration on CO2 emissions in a wheat-soybean rotation cropland[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2019,16(10):1755

    • [19] Drake J E,Stoy P C,Jackson R B,et al.Fine-root respiration in a loblolly pine(Pinus taeda L.)forest exposed to elevated CO2 and N fertilization[J].Plant,Cell & Environment,2008,31(11):1663-1672

    • [20] Phillips R P,Finzi A C,Bernhardt E S.Enhanced root exudation induces microbial feedbacks to N cycling in a pine forest under long-term CO2 fumigation[J].Ecology Letters,2011,14(2):187-194

    • [21] 寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.冬小麦旺盛生长期CO2浓度升高对土壤呼吸的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(3):1111-1116.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric pCO2 on soil respiration during wheat bloom-growth period[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(3):1111-1116

    • [22] 寇太记,徐晓峰,朱建国,等.CO2浓度升高和施氮条件下小麦根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2533-2538.KOU Taiji,XU Xiaofeng,ZHU Jianguo,et al.Contribution of wheat rhizosphere respiration to soil respiration under elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen application[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2533-2538

    • [23] Kou T J,Zhu J G,Xie Z B,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on soil and root respiration in winter wheat by using a respiration partitioning chamber[J].Plant and Soil,2007,299(1/2):237-249

    • [24] 寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.大气CO2体积分数升高环境温度与土壤水分对农田土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):950-956.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.The effects of temperature and soil moisture on soil respiration in the cropland under elevated pCO2[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(3):950-956

    • [25] 寇太记,朱建国,谢祖彬,等.CO2浓度增加和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦根系呼吸及生物量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(4):922-931.KOU Taiji,ZHU Jianguo,XIE Zubin,et al.Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and level of nitrogen fertilizer on root respiration and biomass of winter wheat[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,32(4):922-931

    • [26] 周玉梅,韩士杰,辛丽花.CO2浓度升高对红松和长白松土壤呼吸作用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9):1757-1760.ZHOU Yumei,HAN Shijie,XIN Lihua.Soil respiration of Pinus koraiensis and P.sylvestriformis trees growing at elevated CO2 concentration[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(9):1757-1760

    • [27] Weigel H J,Pacholski A,Burkart S,et al.Carbon turnover in a crop rotation under free air CO2 enrichment(FACE)[J].Pedosphere,2005,15(6):728-738

    • [28] 陈全胜,李凌浩,韩兴国,等.典型温带草原群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性与土壤水分的关系[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):831-836.CHEN Quansheng,LI Linghao,HAN Xingguo,et al.Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in relation to soil moisture in 11 communities of typical temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(4):831-836

    • [29] You G Y,Zhang Z Y,Zhang R D.Temperature adaptability of soil respiration in short-term incubation experiments[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2019,19(2):557-565

    • [30] 李凌浩,陈佐忠.草地群落的土壤呼吸[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(4):45-51.LI Linghao,CHEN Zuozhong.Soil respiration in grassland communities in the world[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1998,17(4):45-51

    • [31] Decker K L M,Wang D,Waite C,et al.Snow removal and ambient air temperature effects on forest soil temperatures in northern Vermont[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(4):1234-1242

    • [32] Wildung R E,Garland T R,Buschbom R L.The interdependent effects of soil temperature and water content on soil respiration rate and plant root decomposition in arid grassland soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1975,7(6):373-378

    • [33] 张晓龙,沈冰,权全,等.渭河平原农田冬小麦土壤呼吸及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2551-2560.ZHANG Xiaolong,SHEN Bing,QUAN Quan,et al.Soil respiration rates and its affecting factors in winter wheat land in the Weihe Plain,Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(8):2551-2560

    • [34] McIntyre R E S,Adams M A,Ford D J,et al.Rewetting and litter addition influence mineralisation and microbial communities in soils from a semi-arid intermittent stream[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(1):92-101

    • [35] 涂志华,庞卓,赵阳,等.北京西山侧柏人工林土壤呼吸组分及其影响因素[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2948-2956.TU Zhihua,PANG Zhuo,ZHAO Yang,et al.Soil respiration components and their controlling factors in a Platycladus orientalis plantation in west mountain area of Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(9):2948-2956

    • [36] Xu Y Y,Ma X C,Wang Y X,et al.Effects of ridge-furrow mulching system with supplementary irrigation on soil respiration in winter wheat fields under different rainfall conditions[J].Agricultural Water Management,2020,239:106237

  • 地址:江苏省南京市宁六路219号    邮编:210044

    联系电话:025-58731025    E-mail:nxdxb@nuist.edu.cn

    南京信息工程大学学报 ® 2024 版权所有  技术支持:北京勤云科技发展有限公司