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作者简介:

依斯拉木·吾拉音,男,硕士生,研究方向为中尺度气象学.1551401537@qq.com;

苗峻峰(通信作者),男,博士,教授,主要从事中尺度数值模拟研究.miaoj@nuist.edu.cn

中图分类号:P425;P731.2

文献标识码:A

DOI:10.13878/j.cnki.jnuist.2022.05.012

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目录contents

    摘要

    海风锋是海风环流前缘形成的锋面,具有类似于冷锋的特征.海风锋能触发强对流,造成沿海地区雷暴等灾害性天气,是沿海地区气象研究的重点对象.随着数值模式和计算机技术的发展,数值模拟已成为气象研究中的重要方法.因此,海风(锋)的数值模拟受到越来越多的关注.过去的40年中,中国地区海风(锋)的数值研究不断开展,取得了不少研究成果.为了加深对海风(锋)数值模拟的认识,了解最新研究成果,本文对中国地区海风(锋)数值模拟进行了概述,重点讨论了海风三维结构与演变以及背景风、地形、城市热岛和大气稳定度对海风(锋)的影响.此外,本文也归纳总结了模式物理过程参数化对海风(锋)模拟的影响以及海风(锋)的大涡模拟研究.最后,对一些需要进一步研究的问题提出了建议.

    Abstract

    Sea Breeze Front (SBF) is the landward edge of sea breeze circulation,which has similar characteristics to the cold front.SBF has always been a key object of coastal meteorological research since it can trigger strong convection even disastrous weather such as thunderstorms in coastal areas.Numerical simulation has become an important tool in meteorological research with the rapid development of numerical models and computer technology.The numerical simulation of SBF has attracted much attention and yielded fruitful results.Here,we summarize the numerical simulation of SBF carried out in China in the past 40 years,and detail on the effects of environmental flow,topography,urban heat island and atmosphere stability on SBF.In addition,the influence of physical parameterization on SBF and the work of large eddy simulation are summarized.Finally,we sum up some issues which are needed to be addressed for further study.

  • 0 引言

  • 海风是由海陆热力差异驱动的中尺度环流系统[1-3],在其前缘形成的类似于锋面的区域称海风锋.它可以呈现出与天气尺度冷锋相似的特征,通常伴随着温度、湿度和风急剧变化[1].锋面宽度与天气尺度背景风的方向有关,离岸型背景风条件下,温度梯度较强,锋面较窄;平行于海岸的背景风条件下,温度梯度较弱,锋面较宽[4].海风锋向陆地推进过程中,向海洋空气一侧倾斜,与地面夹角保持在10°~60°之间[5-6],锋面坡度的大小取决于背景风方向和强度[4].海风锋附近具有明显的上升气流,其主要由两部分组成:一是被冷的海洋气团抬升的大陆暖气流,另一个是由低层辐合和质量守恒引起的上升气流[7].上升气流垂直速度大小取决于锋区的强度和锋面向陆地推进的速度,强而移动快的锋面,其附近上升气流往往具有较大的垂直速度[4].

  • 海风(锋)在向内陆推进过程中,锋前的上升运动为对流活动的产生提供有利的触发条件[8-10],因此海风锋往往与强对流天气联系在一起.研究者利用气象雷达、探空和地面观测资料以及数值模式,对海风锋进行观测和模拟研究,发现海风锋对强对流天气的发生发展具有非常重要的作用.束炯[11] 和沈树勤等[12]发现海风锋能促使强对流天气进一步加强.海风锋与其他天气系统相互作用能触发强对流天气,比如:王树芬[13]和董海鹰等[14]发现海风锋与低空切变线相互碰撞使局地辐合加强而触发强对流,造成冰雹和强降水天气;王彦等[15-17]的观测和模拟分析表明海风锋能够与弱冷锋、阵风锋碰撞形成雷暴天气;Abulikemu等[18]发现海风锋与阵风锋相互合并过程中,局地对流增强,出现了强对流天气;梁钊明等[19]指出海风锋与对流系统相碰撞时,对流系统进入锋后的不稳定能量大值区,并触发不稳定能量造成暴雨天气.在较强的对流不稳定条件下,海风锋也能够直接触发强对流天气[20],造成局地雷暴和强降水[21-22].吴福浪等[23]发现单纯的海风锋加强局地比湿和涡度,提供了有利的水汽和动力条件,海风锋后较高的有效位能和低的对流抑制能量促进了对流发展,最终触发了雷暴天气.Zhang等[24]指出海风锋和城市热岛相互作用增加了城市周围扰动温度的梯度,导致孤立对流的产生和发展.万夫敬等[25]发现海风锋与阵风锋在飑线系统的中段前部相交,诱发新生对流单体,造成该处对流系统更快速地向前传播,导致飑线系统断裂.除此之外,海风(锋)在大气污染物传输与扩散等方面也发挥着重要作用[26-29].由此可见,海风(锋)的研究对沿海地区强对流天气和空气质量的预报有着重要意义.

  • 随着数值模式的不断完善和计算机技术的高速发展,数值模拟已成为天气和气候研究中的重要方法.尽管模式结果与实际观测有一定的误差,但在实际工作中依然具有不可代替的作用,特别是在数值预报和理论研究中具有独特的优势.海风(锋)的数值研究工作始于Pearce[30],他通过非线性方程模拟了海风环流并研究其变化,为海风(锋)的数值研究奠定了基础.之后,Estoque[31]在Pearce[30]研究的基础上改进了加热函数,首次模拟提出了海风锋面的基本特征.Pearson[32]用简单的二维模式呈现了海风锋垂直分布、推进速度、温度梯度等特征,而Sha等[7]建立了一个二维、非静力、可压缩的数值模型,分析了开尔文-亥姆霍兹波(Kelvin-Helmholtz Billow,KHB)和海风锋的内陆传播特点.研究逐渐深入的同时,模式的物理过程和边界层参数化也得到完善,使得在更复杂的条件下,比如复杂的背景风、地形和城市下垫面情形下对海风锋进行数值模拟成为可能.金皓等[33]的三维理想模拟指出沿海坡地的存在有利于产生更强的海风,城市化有利于海风发展和影响范围.苗曼倩等[34]利用Pielke[35]三维中尺度模式并将模式中的湍流闭合改为TKE闭合,分析长江三角洲地区的海陆风特征,指出了海风与湖风作用造成沿长江走向的一条水平辐合带,这条水平辐合带对该地区的夏季降水具有触发和增强的效应.Miao等[36]利用RAMS模式研究地形和陆地退化对海风的影响,发现平缓的山坡加强了海风,土壤湿度的减小导致了海风风速和推进距离的增加.Freitas等[37]采用RAMS模式对城市热岛与海风环流进行研究,结果表明:城市热岛在市中心形成强的辐合区,并加速海风锋向城市的推进;达到城市中心后,海风锋停滞约2h;热岛消失后,推进到城市之外的地区,并减速移动.东高红等[38]利用WRF模式分析天津地区城市热岛环流与海风环流相互作用,指出海风对城市热岛的消弱作用、城市热岛对海风的阻挡作用以及两者的空间结构特征.苏涛等[39]利用WRF模式模拟了海南岛一次海风雷暴过程,结果表明:海南岛四面环海的地理位置有利于水汽形成和传输;海风向内陆推进过程中,南北方向两支海风相遇并形成了显著的海风辐合区,为对流活动的发生和发展提供了有利动力条件,并最终触发了雷暴天气.吴福浪等[40]利用WRF模式对宁波地区海风锋引起局地强雷暴天气过程进行模拟,分析海陆热力差异对海风的影响,结果发现海陆热力差异能影响海风锋向内陆推进距离、锋面附近上升速度和对流云发展程度,从而影响海风雷暴以及降水量.

  • 国内外已有学者对海风(锋)的研究进行了综述和讨论,比如:Abbs等[26]对海风的观测和模拟进行概述,重点讨论了海风在污染物扩散中的作用;Miller等[1]详细总结、概述了海风的结构、预报和影响;Crosman等[2]回顾了自20世纪50年代以来海风的数值模拟研究成果;邱晓暖等[41] 总结和分析了海陆风的研究进展和我国沿海三地海陆风的主要特征.尽管中国地区海风(锋)数值研究工作开展已久,但鲜见这方面的综述性研究.因此,本文关注中国地区海风(锋)数值模拟研究工作,重点回顾20世纪80年代以来的相关研究成果,从不同角度概述海风(锋)数值模拟研究进程.

  • 1 海风(锋)结构与演变特征

  • 海风(锋)是复杂的动态系统,其时间与空间上的变化特征非常明显.在20世纪80年代,程志强[42]对大气运动方程进行参数化,模拟了海陆风环流日变化的基本特征,自此揭开了国内海风(锋)数值模拟研究的序幕.随后,杜俊[43]利用Boussinesq二维运动方程讨论了海陆风环流的动力学特征.到了90年代,曹德贵[44]探讨了二维静力学模式中大气辐射效应的影响,指出大气长短波辐射交换对海风发展具有重要作用;柯史钊等[45]使用一层σ坐标中尺度模式揭示了华南地区的海陆风的演变特征,概括了华南海陆风系统以及海风辐合相关的暴雨中心的分布;王卫国等[46]利用二维非线性能量闭合的边界层模式,研究中纬度地区海风环流的特征,发现热内边界层(TIBL)廓线的斜率与海风发展有着紧密的关系,海风越强,TIBL廓线的斜率越小,TIBL水平伸展的距离越大.此外,蔡榕硕等[47]利用数值模式分析台湾海峡海陆风的特点,发现由于海峡两岸受热存在差异,海峡西岸海风维持时间比东岸略长,冬夏季海陆风转换时间也存在差异.

  • 进入21世纪以来,MM5(Fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model)、WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)等三维中尺度模式迅速发展,促进了海风的三维结构的模拟,推动了海风速度、推进距离、垂直高度、维持时间和海风锋附近上升气流垂直速度等特征的分析和研究.Lin等[48]利用MM5模式研究澳门地区的海陆风,发现1km水平分辨率的模拟能较好地捕捉海陆风的结构特征,海风风速最强可达4m/s,垂直高度达到1 500m,海风锋最远可推进9km.他们还注意到,改变模式的水平分辨率为3km时并不能捕捉到陆风和局地山谷环流.宋洁慧等[49]使用WRF模式分析宁波地区一次典型的海陆风过程,发现尽管模式对海风起始时间和维持时间模拟效果较好,海风高空回流也比较清晰,但海风风速和厚度模拟效果不足,模式5km的水平分辨率不能模拟出小尺度陆风环流,这与Lin等[48]的研究结果一致.孙贞等[50]采用WRF模式,对青岛地区一次海风个例进行了模拟,发现海风环流水平伸展范围可达30km,垂直伸展达到1 400m,海风风速最大值(4m/s)出现在海风锋附近,并随高度减弱.王玉国等[51]采用RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modelling System)模式分析了发生在辽东湾西岸一次典型海风事件,结果显示海风垂直高度达到1 500m,推进距离可达25km,海风锋附近上升速度可达0.25m/s,海风最大风速(6m/s)出现在海岸线附近.盛春岩等[52]利用ARPS(Advanced Regional Prediction System)模式,研究青岛地区一次冷锋过境后的典型海风的三维结构特征,发现较强的偏北背景风(离岸风)条件下海风的推进距离较短,但海风垂直结构比较明显,1 500m高度出现海风回流,海风环流可以维持约6h.王语卉等[53]利用WRF模式研究了海南岛海风的三维结构,发现由于背景风和地形等条件的不同导致海南岛四周的海风推进距离、维持时间和垂直厚度不同,推进距离约为55~80km,海风厚度在1 600~2 500m的范围内.

  • 2 海风(锋)发生发展机制

  • 由上述研究中可以发现,不同地区的海风环流结构具有明显的差异,这是由于海风环流受背景风、地形、沿海城市热岛效应和大气稳定度等因素影响的结果.

  • 2.1 背景风对海风(锋)的影响

  • 海风环流演变过程中,背景气流的方向和强度对海风(锋)的发展具有显著的影响.背景气流方向通常分为垂直于海岸线和平行于海岸线两种,其中垂直于海岸线的背景气流对海风发生发展产生影响较大,而平行于海岸线的背景气流对海风的影响较小[54].垂直于海岸线的背景气流又分为向岸风和离岸风.由于向岸风风向和海风回流方向相反,向岸风往往抑制海风环流的发展[55-57].然而当向岸风强度较弱时,海风环流依然可以形成,海风向内陆推进距离较远,但海风垂直发展受阻,海风回流较弱[53,57-58].与向岸风相反,离岸风风向与海风回流方向一致,因此使得海风环流垂直结构比较清晰,垂直高度较高,海风速度较快,海风锋附近上升运动较强,但海风向内陆推进距离比向岸风短[53,55-57].Liang等[59]的研究指出,离岸风随时间顺时针旋转增强了海风与离岸风辐合带下游区的辐合强度,并促使辐合带下游区的方向趋于离岸气流的方向,从海风锋下游区上升的气团不断被抬升,导致海风锋下游区的明显发展.Xu等[60]研究了在相同海陆温差条件下,不同离岸风速度对海陆风的形成过程以及污染物的扩散和累积效应,发现海风环流的垂直高度和持续时间随离岸风速度的增加而减小.此外,他们还注意到离岸风的存在阻碍了海风造成的污染物向内陆输送.与垂直海岸线的背景气流相比,平行于海岸线的背景气流对海风的影响较小,因此关于平行于海岸线的背景气流的研究工作并不多见.在平行于海岸线的环境气流中,由于海风方向和强度的不均匀性,海风锋在向内陆推进时演变成几个相连的部分,平行气流与海风的辐合作用加强了海风锋中部的强度,而开尔文-亥姆霍兹波对海风锋两端的强度有显著贡献,对海风锋两端垂直向上运动具有加速的作用[59].

  • 2.2 地形对海风(锋)的影响

  • 海风环流是发生在沿海地区的中尺度环流,垂直尺度只有1~2km左右,因此很容易受到地形的影响.地形高度、坡度以及与离海岸线的距离等因素能影响海风的结构和强度[1-2].地形对海风主要有动力和热力作用.当地形坡度较低时,热力作用占主导[61].地形局地热力作用产生谷风,它与海风的同向叠加增强了海风速度、向内陆的推进距离以及海风锋附近的垂直速度[33,62-63].除此之外,地形通过加大海陆间的感热通量差异,使驱动海风的热量增大,因此海风形成的时间提前,海风强度增大[33,61,64].当地形坡度较高时,地形动力作用对海风产生较大的影响,地形的机械阻挡作用使海风产生绕流,风速减弱[56];而地形的强迫抬升作用使海风垂直高度、风速以及海风锋附近垂直速度增大,海风维持时间延长[53,62-63,65].与此同时,地形阻挡作用使离岸方向的背景风减弱,这有利于海风环流的发展[56,66].地形对海风的作用需要综合考虑地形特征、海风强度和大气稳定度等[67],比如在王婷等[68]的研究中,莲花山脉(最高海拔1 337m)对两次海风产生不同的作用,较弱的海风受山脉阻挡不能进一步向内陆推进,而强盛海风能够越过山脉继续向内陆发展.

  • 海南岛位于热带地区,四周环海,地理条件十分有利于海风的发生发展,并且岛屿中南部具有比较复杂的地形,因此国内学者在海南岛展开了地形对海风影响的研究.杨秋彦等[69]采用WRF模式进行敏感性试验,分析了海南岛地形高度对海风结构产生的影响,发现海南岛海风对地形的敏感度较高;在无地形试验中,海风风速、垂直高度、推进距离、维持时间以及海风锋附近垂直速度都显著地减弱.王凌梓等[70]在多云天气条件进行敏感性试验并与杨秋彦等[69]的研究对比,发现多云天气下地形对海风水平结构的影响比晴空天气小.王莹等[71]利用WRF模式设计地形高度敏感性试验,讨论地形对海风降水的影响,发现由于地形热力和动力作用交替演变,在降水前期,地形高度与降水呈正相关关系,而降水后期,高地形阻挡使海风降水强度减弱.韩芙蓉等[72]利用WRF模式研究地形辐射效应(地形坡度、坡向和阴影对地表太阳辐射的影响)对海风环流结构的影响,并指出地形辐射效应对局地海风风向和风速有着明显的影响,地形向阳面海风环流增强,谷风环流减弱,地形背阳面则相反.

  • 2.3 城市热岛及下垫面对海风(锋)的影响

  • 近年来沿海地区城市规模与人口迅速发展,城市热岛效应越来越明显.在沿海城市地区,城市热岛环流和海风环流往往同时存在,当海风(锋)经过沿海城市时,将受到城市热岛环流和城市下垫面的影响[73].近十几年来,随着数值模式的不断完善以及城市冠层模式的发展,城市热岛以及下垫面对海风的作用相关的研究工作逐渐得到重视.陆希等[74]、文伟俊等[75]分别利用MM5和WRF模式研究珠江三角洲地区城市化对海风环流的影响,发现城市热岛效应加大了海陆温差,从而使海风强度增大,向内陆的推进距离加长.张亦洲等[76]在WRF中将Noah陆面模式和单层城市冠层模式进行耦合,进一步分析京津地区城市化对海风环流产生的影响,结果表明在海风到达城区之前,城市热岛效应加强了海风强度和推进速度;海风到达城市时,热岛环流上升支和海风锋上升气流叠加使辐合加强,海风锋附近垂直速度增大.东高红等[77]对天津城市化的模拟也得到相似的结论,并发现城市规模越大,热岛效应越强,对海风推进的加速作用和海风锋附近垂直速度的增加越明显.此外,城市热岛干暖的特征有利于不稳定能量的储存,海风锋到达城市时受热岛环流的阻挡,促使地面辐合和对流发展,造成降水的增多[78].张赟程等[79]采用WRF并耦合多层次城市冠层模式研究海风与热岛的耦合对上海强对流天气的影响,发现城市热岛加强了海风锋和城区的辐合上升运动,导致降水时间的提前,造成降水强度的增大、落区更集中.

  • 城市下垫面与周围地区相比具有较大的地表粗糙度和拖曳系数,海风(锋)经过城市时,下垫面对海风(锋)具有显著的影响[76].梁钊明等[80]把WRF模式与新一代城市物理方案UCP-BEM(Urban Canopy Parameterization-Building Energy Model)进行耦合,探讨渤海湾地区城市下垫面对海风的影响,指出具有高粗糙的城市下垫面降低了海风风速,从而减弱了低层辐合,导致海风锋推进距离和其附近上升速度的减弱.除此之外,下垫面高的粗糙度和感热通量、低的水汽通量削弱了海风的降温增湿作用,但下垫面摩擦效应造成了海风的抬升,使得海风降温增湿的垂直范围的增大.Hai等[81]采用WRF模式研究青岛海岸线变化对海陆风环流的影响,发现海岸线的扩张导致下垫面粗糙度的增加,使海风风速、垂直高度减小,但海风维持时间增长.

  • 下垫面的非均匀特征对海风具有一定的影响.尽管Zhu等[82]认为下垫面非均匀性和地形对海风降水的日循环影响不大,但王莹等[71]的裸土化敏感性试验结果表明,下垫面的非均匀性和地形共同作用使地表能量的分配产生更大的差异,进而对海风降水产生影响.Zhong等[83]研究结果表明,沿海地区海风模拟中采用有效动力参数方案可以改善非均匀地形感热通量的低估和潜热通量的高估,减小了模拟产生的误差.

  • 2.4 大气稳定度对海风(锋)的影响

  • 海风环流不仅受到背景风和地形的影响,还与大气稳定度有一定的联系.在20世纪80年代,杜俊[43]用Boussinesq二维运动方程讨论了海陆风环流的动力学特征,并指出较小的大气层结稳定度有利于海陆风环流的产生和维持.在90年代,钟中等[84]的数值模拟发现层结稳定度与海风风速和垂直速度成反比,大气越不稳定,海风风速和垂直速度越大.王卫国等[85]采用E-ε闭合方案的边界层模式进行数值试验研究了海风的湍流特征,发现湍流的发展受晨间大气层结稳定度和地表温度的日变化的影响,较小的层结稳定度和较大的日温度变化有利于湍流的发展.此外,海风锋后的开尔文-亥姆霍兹波(KHB)的形成和维持与大气稳定度有关,弱的层级稳定度(0<Ri <1)促进KHB的形成和维持[59,86],而KHB能减弱海风(锋)的推进速度[1],因此减小海风(锋)推进距离.海风降水与大气稳定度也有着紧密的联系,热力不稳定性和低层辐合有利于海风锋前对流的产生[87].Liang等[57]发现,不稳定大气层结与高湿度、低的CAPE值和自由对流高度以及弱的垂直风切变共同作用有利于海南岛春夏季海风降水的发生.

  • 3 物理过程参数化对海风(锋)模拟的影响

  • 数值模式通过物理过程参数化来描述中小尺度的、网格不可分辨的过程[88].海风作为一种中尺度环流系统,对模式的物理过程参数化较敏感,不同的边界层、近地层和辐射参数化方案对海风(锋)的发展具有不同的影响.最近几年,国内已开始讨论海风(锋)的模拟对模式物理过程参数化(方案)的敏感性问题.秦宇焘等[89]选择WRF模式中普遍应用的YSU、MYJ、ACM2和UW等4种边界层参数化方案,对天津一次海陆风过程进行了对比分析,指出边界层参数化是模拟误差的主要来源,对于不同下垫面选用合适的边界层参数化方案能够较大程度地提高模拟的效果.对比结果表明,4种参数化方案中,MYJ和UW方案对海陆风模拟效果较好.Lin等[90]对比了旧的YSU方案(WRF3.4以及之前的版本)、更新后的YSU方案(WRF3.4.1版本)和MYJ方案对海风模拟的差异,发现MYJ方案中海风发展时间延迟,2种YSU方案地表温度的模拟更接近观测,旧的MYJ方案100m高处风速模拟效果更好.杨秋彦等[91]进一步对比和评估了WRF模式8种边界层参数化方案对海南岛一次典型海风结构产生的差异,结果表明,ACM2方案模拟的风向、风速和温度等气象要素与实际观测最接近,海风环流的特征最清晰.苏涛等[92]组合WRF模式常用的短波、长波辐射方案(Dudhia+RRTM、RRTMG+RRTMG),讨论辐射参数化对海南岛一次海风雷暴模拟的影响,对比发现相对于RRTMG+RRTMG方案而言,Dudhia+RRTM方案模拟的海风雷暴影响范围和对流中心强度更大,因为后者较大的短波、长波综合加热率以及感热、潜热通量导致近地面较高的能量和不稳定大气层结,从而造成较大的海陆热力和气压差异,因而具有了更强的海风、水汽和抬升条件.王莹等[93]采用WRF模式对比分析了MM5和Eta两种近地层参数化方案对海南岛一次海风降水的影响,结果发现Eta方案模拟的海风降水强度和范围比MM5方案更大,并指出其背后的原因是Eta方案相对较大的近地层感热通量、潜热通量导致其对大气加热、加湿作用更明显,大气不稳定度更高,在海风锋前强的辐合上升运动共同作用下更容易释放局地不稳定能量,对流活动更强盛.

  • 4 海风(锋)的大涡模拟

  • 大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)是一种高精度的数值模拟方法,对于中小尺度大气运动的模拟具有独特的优势[94].海风(锋)的大涡模拟研究起步比较晚[95],我国海风(锋)的大涡模拟工作也刚刚起步,但已取得了一些重要研究成果.Jiang等[96]采用建筑物分辨率(5m×5m×20.9m)计算流体力学模型进行理想化模拟,研究了规则块状排列的城市海岸上的湍流及其与海风锋的相互作用,发现在条状湍流结构与海风锋汇合处,锋面上升气流局部增强,这大大增加了锋面的湍流通量;城市表面的摩擦效应和地面湍流的作用使海风锋向内陆的推进速度减慢;海风锋与条状湍流结构相互作用后其强度明显减弱.Shen等[97]利用大涡模拟方法研究了城市热岛环流和海风环流之间的相互作用,发现城市热岛加强了海风环流,较大的城市规模会延迟海风锋最大上升运动发生的时间,较大的地面阻力通过加强海风锋面附近的水平温度梯度增强海风环流的上升运动.Fu等[98]利用大涡模拟研究雷州半岛深对流的发展过程,发现深对流是由2个海风锋相互碰撞作用下通过3代对流的发展完成的;第1代对流沿着海风锋碰撞线随机产生,第2代仅在第1代对流没有强烈的下降过程的区域中产生,并且也是通过海风锋的碰撞产生的,第3代主要从第2代对流产生的冷水池的交叉点发展,并通过阵风锋和海风锋碰撞产生.Hu等[99]利用WRF并耦合城市冠层模式,外层模拟区域使用Boulac边界层方案,而最内层采用大涡模拟方案研究天津地区一次湿对流过程,发现海风锋后冷湿气流被输送到干暖的城市上空,为湿对流提供了触发条件;城市热岛在降水过程开始时增强,并通过城市下垫面的感热通量提供湍流混合,但热岛效应在降水发生后减弱;城市热岛和城市下垫面阻挡了海风锋的推进,并将其维持在市中心附近,为湿对流提供了水汽和能量.

  • 5 总结与讨论

  • 从上述的研究进展来看,中国地区海风(锋)的数值研究最早始于20世纪80年代.早期的二维数值试验和三维模拟使用的数值模式基本是在理想状态下进行模拟的,物理过程过于简单,也不完整,缺乏对实际海风(锋)的模拟能力[73].进入21世纪后,MM5、WRF等三维中尺度模式开始发展,并在数值预报和天气过程机理研究中应用.相比之前的二维数值试验和三维数值模拟,MM5和WRF模式的物理过程更加完整,大大推动了海风(锋)的数值模拟研究.除了MM5和WRF模式之外,RAMS和ARPS等模式也在海风(锋)数值模拟研究中得到应用,并取得了较好的模拟结果.从研究地区上来看,中国地区海风(锋)的数值模拟研究工作主要集中在辽东半岛、京津翼(渤海湾)、山东半岛、长江三角洲、福建沿海、珠江三角洲和海南岛等地区(表1).海风(锋)的数值模拟工作不仅为数值模式的发展和应用提供了基准,而且也促进了海风(锋)的理论研究,有利于提高沿海地区中尺度对流云的预报水平.

  • 海风(锋)三维结构和演变的数值模拟,尤其是形成机制、起止时间、风速和推进距离的研究对海风(锋)的发生和发展有一定的预报意义.海风环流垂直高度一般在500~2 000m左右,风速2~6m/s,维持时间6~10h,而海风向内陆推进距离具有较大的差异.由于受背景风、地形、大气稳定度和沿海城市热岛等条件的影响,不同地区不同季节海风强度有所差异.海风环流在较弱的背景风条件下才能发展.其中,平行于海岸线的背景风对海风的影响较小,而垂直于海岸线的背景风影响较大.垂直于海岸线的背景风中,由于向岸风风向和海风回流方向相反,向岸风往往抑制海风环流的发展,离岸风风向与海风回流方向一致,因此使得海风环流垂直结构比较清晰,垂直高度较高,海风速度较快,海风锋附近上升运动较强,但海风向内陆推进距离较短.海风环流由于在近地层发展,地形产生的影响比较显著.地形热力作用通过加大海陆感热通量差异和产生谷风从而加强海风的发展,地形动力作用使海风产生绕流和强迫抬升,地形越高,抬升作用使海风越加强,但地形坡度超过一个临界值时,其阻挡作用削弱了海风强度,因此地形对海风的动力作用与当地地形特征和海风强度有关.沿海地区城市分布较密集,城市热岛和城市下垫面对海风的作用越来越明显.城市物理方案和城市冠层模式的深入研究以及与数值模式的耦合推动了海风(锋)与城市热岛的研究.城市热岛通过加大海陆温差对海风起了加强的作用,在到达城市之前,加快其推进速度;到达城市时,粗糙的下垫面和热岛环流对海风锋具有阻挡和减缓作用,两者相叠加时增强辐合区上升运动的强度;经过了城市之后海风缓慢移动并最终转为陆风或者消散.此外,大气稳定度对海风有一定的影响,不稳定大气层结有利于海风(锋)以及相关降水的发生发展.

  • 本文归纳总结了40多年来中国地区海风(锋)的数值模拟发展进程和研究成果.虽然现有的研究有了长足的进展,也得到了很大发展,但仍有许多问题需要探讨和进一步研究.比如:

  • 1)三维中尺度模式MM5和WRF水平垂直分辨率是千米量级,不足以模拟出海风锋的精细结构特征.尽管大涡模拟(LES)和计算流体力学方法(CFD)可以模拟出海风精细结构,但中国地区WRF与大涡模拟的耦合以及对海风(锋)模拟工作处于起步阶段,需要广泛和深入研究; 2)通过对比典型海风个例模拟可以选择一种合适的物理过程参数化方案组合,但由于天气条件、地形以及下垫面等条件不同导致不能普遍适用,模式物理过程参数化适用性研究值得持续关注; 3)模拟初始条件、边界条件和海温等因素的影响尚未涉及,背景气流研究中垂直风切变的影响也没有被讨论; 4)地形对海风(锋)的研究工作需广泛开展,特别是海南岛以外地区; 5)我国自主开发的数值预报模式GRAPES系统在海风(锋)数值模拟与预报中的应用.

  • 表1 应用于中国地区海风(锋)研究的中尺度数值模式以及研究区域

  • Table1 Mesoscale numerical models applied to sea breeze front studies in China

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