Southeast Asia is an important strategic position as an essential passage of China's "One Belt, One Road" strategy and an important node region for China's foreign trade and economic development. Based on NPP/VIIRS nighttime lighting data, the study uses spatial analysis methods such as center of gravity, standard deviation ellipse and Moran index to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of socio-economic development of Southeast Asian countries from 2012 to 2021. The results show that there is a significant correlation between GDP and nighttime light data of Southeast Asian countries; from the directional characteristics of Southeast Asian economic development, the center of gravity of Southeast Asian economy as a whole moves northward, the overall economic volume increases, the economic development gathers in the region, and the directionality of Southeast Asian economic development becomes more and more obvious; from the spatial aggregation characteristics of Southeast Asian economic development, high-high aggregation and low-low aggregation are the most In terms of the spatial aggregation characteristics of Southeast Asian economic development, high-high aggregation and low-low aggregation are the two most significant spatial aggregation characteristics. The high and high agglomeration areas play a good role in radiation and drive the economic development of the surrounding areas, while the low and high agglomeration areas have greater development potential. During the study time period, the low-low agglomeration areas in northern Southeast Asia decreased significantly.