In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have attempted to link catalytic activity to the acidity and basicity of the oxygen vacancies in catalysts. A deeper understanding of the role played by oxygen vacancy defects in determining catalytic properties and charge carrier dynamics by combining Lewis acid-base active sites can provide valuable insights for the rational development of more efficient catalysts. Oxygen vacancies are the most common defect in transition metal oxides, and catalysts containing oxygen vacancies are closely related to how surface acidity and basicity affect the adsorption, reaction, and desorption processes of reactants, intermediates, and solid surface products. To this end, the location of oxygen vacancies and the acid-base of oxygen vacancies have always played a central role in the history of multiphase catalysis, and the surface properties of multiphase catalysts will largely determine the electronic structure of the surface active sites, thus significantly affecting their corresponding catalytic efficiency, stability, and chemoselectivity. The study of the construction of Lewis acid-base sites based on oxygen vacancy defects in catalysts is of great significance for the performance enhancement of various molecular activation and catalytic conversion reactions. In this paper, we review the research on oxygen vacancy-containing solid catalysts for the construction of Lewis acid-base sites and summarize their relevant applications in environmental catalysis. This paper is a review of the research on the oxygen vacancy-containing solid catalysts for the construction of Lewis acid-base sites and summarizes their relevant applications in the field of photochemical catalysis.